Sotalol Hydrochloride interactions

Food & lifestyle

• alcohol

  Moderate

  Synergy

  Many psychotherapeutic and CNS-active agents (e.g., anxiolytics, sedatives, hypnotics, antidepressants, antipsychotics, opioids, alcohol, muscle relaxants) exhibit hypotensive effects, especially during initiation of therapy and dose escalation. Coadministration with antihypertensives and other hypotensive agents, in particular vasodilators and alpha-blockers, may result in additive effects on blood pressure and orthostasis.

  What to do: Caution and close monitoring for development of hypotension is advised during coadministration of these agents. Some authorities recommend avoiding alcohol in patients receiving vasodilating antihypertensive drugs. Patients should be advised to avoid rising abruptly from a sitting or recumbent position and to notify their physician if they experience dizziness, lightheadedness, syncope, orthostasis, or tachycardia.

  8 sources

  1. Sternbach H "Fluoxetine-associated potentiation of calcium-channel blockers." J Clin Psychopharmacol 11 (1991): 390-1
  2. Shook TL, Kirshenbaum JM, Hundley RF, Shorey JM, Lamas GA "Ethanol intoxication complicating intravenous nitroglycerin therapy." Ann Intern Med 101 (1984): 498-9
  3. Feder R "Bradycardia and syncope induced by fluoxetine." J Clin Psychiatry 52 (1991): 139
  4. Ellison JM, Milofsky JE, Ely E "Fluoxetine-induced bradycardia and syncope in two patients." J Clin Psychiatry 51 (1990): 385-6
  5. Rodriguez de la Torre B, Dreher J, Malevany I, et al. "Serum levels and cardiovascular effects of tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in depressed patients." Ther Drug Monit 23 (2001): 435-40
  6. Cerner Multum, Inc. "Australian Product Information." O 0
  7. Pacher P, Kecskemeti V "Cardiovascular side effects of new antidepressants and antipsychotics: new drugs, old concerns?" Curr Pharm Des 10 (2004): 2463-75
  8. Andrews C, Pinner G "Postural hypotension induced by paroxetine." BMJ 316 (1998): 595

Conditions

Conditions in which Sotalol Hydrochloride needs care, as documented in this source.

• Asthma

  Major

  Some beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents (i.e., non-cardioselective beta-blockers) are contraindicated in patients with bronchial asthma or with a history of bronchial asthma, or severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In general, beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents should not be used in patients with bronchospastic diseases. Beta blockade may adversely affect pulmonary function by counteracting the bronchodilation produced by catecholamine stimulation of beta-2 receptors. If beta-blocker therapy is necessary in these patients, an agent with beta-1 selectivity (e.g., atenolol, metoprolol, betaxolol) is considered safer, but should be used with caution nonetheless. Cardioselectivity is not absolute and can be lost with larger doses.

  23 sources

  1. van Zyl AI, Jennings AA, Bateman ED, Opie LH "Comparison of respiratory effects of two cardioselective beta-blockers, celiprolol and atenolol, in asthmatics with mild to moderate hypertension." Chest 95 (1989): 209-13
  2. Adam WR, Meagher EJ, Barter CE "Labetalol, beta blockers, and acute deterioration of chronic airway obstruction." Clin Exp Hypertens A A4 (1982): 1419-28
  3. Falliers CJ, Vincent ME, Medakovic M "Effect of single doses of labetalol, metoprolol, and placebo on ventilatory function in patients with bronchial asthma: interaction with isoproterenol." J Asthma 23 (1986): 251-60
  4. Durant PA, Joucken K "Bronchospasm and hypotension during cardiopulmonary bypass after preoperative cimetidine and labetalol therapy." Br J Anaesth 56 (1984): 917-20
  5. Raine JM, Palazzo MG, Kerr JH, Sleight P "Near-fatal bronchospasm after oral nadolol in a young asthmatic and response to ventilation with halothane." Br Med J 282 (1981): 548-9
  6. Stephen SA "Unwanted effects of propranolol." Am J Cardiol 18 (1966): 463-72
  7. Chodosh S, Tuck J, Blasucci DJ "The effects of dilevalol, metoprolol, and placebo on ventilatory function in asthmatics." J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 11 (1988): s18-24
  8. Morris R, Bulteau P "Respiratory arrest after beta-blocker in an asthmatic patient." Med J Aust 2 (1980): 576

  Show all 23 sourcesShow fewer sources

  9. Mashford ML, Coventry D, Hecker R, et al. "Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory Committee: ADRAC report for 1980." Med J Aust 1 (1982): 416-9
  10. Schoenberger JA, Croog SH, Sudilovsky A, et al. "Self-reported side effects from antihypertensive drugs: a clinical trial." Am J Hypertens 3 (1990): 123-32
  11. Horvath JS, Woolcock AJ, Tiller DJ, Donnelly P, Armstrong J, Caterson R "A comparison of metoprolol and propranolol on blood pressure and respiratory function in patients with hypertension." Aust N Z J Med 8 (1978): 1-6
  12. Benson MK, Berrill WT, Cruickshank JM, Sterling GS "A comparison of four B-adrenoceptor antagonists in patients with asthma." Br J Clin Pharmacol 5 (1978): 415-9
  13. "Product Information. Normodyne (labetalol)." Schering Corporation (2002):
  14. "Product Information. Trandate (labetalol)." Glaxo Wellcome (2002):
  15. "Product Information. Corgard (nadolol)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2002):
  16. "Product Information. Inderal (propranolol)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):
  17. "Product Information. Blocadren (timolol)." Merck & Co., Inc (2001):
  18. "Product Information. Cartrol (carteolol)." Abbott Pharmaceutical (2001):
  19. "Product Information. Betapace (sotalol)." Berlex Laboratories (2001):
  20. "Product Information. Visken (pindolol)." Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation (2001):
  21. "Product Information. Levatol (penbutolol)." Reed and Carnrick (2001):
  22. "Product Information. Coreg (carvedilol)." SmithKline Beecham (2001):
  23. Braunwald E, Hauser SL, Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Isselbacher KJ, Longo DL, Martin JB, eds., Wilson JD "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine." New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Health Professionals Division (1998):

• Atrioventricular Block

  Major

  The use of beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents (aka beta-blockers) is contraindicated in patients with sinus bradyarrhythmia or heart block greater than the first degree (unless a functioning pacemaker is present). Due to their negative inotropic and chronotropic effects on the heart, the use of beta-blockers is likely to exacerbate these conditions.

  22 sources

  1. Crean PA, Williams DO "Effect of intravenous and oral acebutolol in patients with bundle branch block." Int J Cardiol 10 (1986): 119-26
  2. Mashford ML, Coventry D, Hecker R, et al. "Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory Committee: ADRAC report for 1980." Med J Aust 1 (1982): 416-9
  3. Treseder AS, Thomas TP "Sinus arrest due to timolol eye drops." Br J Clin Pract 40 (1986): 256-8
  4. "Product Information. Sectral (acebutolol)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2002):
  5. "Product Information. Tenormin (atenolol)." ICN Pharmaceuticals Inc (2002):
  6. "Product Information. Normodyne (labetalol)." Schering Corporation (2002):
  7. "Product Information. Trandate (labetalol)." Glaxo Wellcome (2002):
  8. "Product Information. Corgard (nadolol)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2002):

  Show all 22 sourcesShow fewer sources

  9. "Product Information. Inderal (propranolol)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):
  10. "Product Information. Blocadren (timolol)." Merck & Co., Inc (2001):
  11. "Product Information. Brevibloc (esmolol)." DuPont Pharmaceuticals (2001):
  12. "Product Information. Cartrol (carteolol)." Abbott Pharmaceutical (2001):
  13. "Product Information. Kerlone (betaxolol)." Searle (2001):
  14. "Product Information. Lopressor (metoprolol)." Novartis Pharmaceuticals (2001):
  15. "Product Information. Betapace (sotalol)." Berlex Laboratories (2001):
  16. "Product Information. Zebeta (bisoprolol)." Lederle Laboratories (2001):
  17. "Product Information. Visken (pindolol)." Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation (2001):
  18. "Product Information. Levatol (penbutolol)." Reed and Carnrick (2001):
  19. "Product Information. Coreg (carvedilol)." SmithKline Beecham (2001):
  20. Frishman WH "Carvedilol." N Engl J Med 339 (1998): 1759-65
  21. Braunwald E, Hauser SL, Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Isselbacher KJ, Longo DL, Martin JB, eds., Wilson JD "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine." New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Health Professionals Division (1998):
  22. "Product Information. Bystolic (nebivolol)." Forest Pharmaceuticals (2007):

• Diabetes Mellitus

  Major

  Beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents (aka beta-blockers) may mask symptoms of hypoglycemia such as tremors, tachycardia and blood pressure changes. In addition, the nonselective beta-blockers (e.g., propranolol, pindolol, timolol) may inhibit catecholamine-mediated glycogenolysis, thereby potentiating insulin-induced hypoglycemia and delaying the recovery of normal blood glucose levels. Since cardioselectivity is not absolute, larger doses of beta-1 selective agents may demonstrate these effects as well. Therapy with beta-blockers should be administered cautiously in patients with diabetes or predisposed to spontaneous hypoglycemia.

  21 sources

  1. Darga LL, Hakim MJ, Lucas CP, Franklin BA "Comparison of the effects of guanadrel sulfate and propranolol on blood pressure, functional capacity, serum lipoproteins and glucose in systemic hypertension." Am J Cardiol 67 (1991): 590-6
  2. Uusitupa M, Aro A, Pietikainen M "Severe hypoglycaemia caused by physical strain and pindolol therapy." Ann Clin Res 12 (1980): 25-7
  3. Velde TM, Kaiser FE "Ophthalmic timolol treatment causing altered hypoglycemic response in a diabetic patient." Arch Intern Med 143 (1983): 1627
  4. Grimaldi A, Bennett P, Delas B, et al. "Beta-blockers and hypoglycaemia: assessment of cardioselective and intrinsic sympathomimetic properties in relation to severity of hypoglycaemia." Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 36 (1984): 361-73
  5. "Product Information. Sectral (acebutolol)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2002):
  6. "Product Information. Tenormin (atenolol)." ICN Pharmaceuticals Inc (2002):
  7. "Product Information. Normodyne (labetalol)." Schering Corporation (2002):
  8. "Product Information. Trandate (labetalol)." Glaxo Wellcome (2002):

  Show all 21 sourcesShow fewer sources

  9. "Product Information. Corgard (nadolol)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2002):
  10. "Product Information. Inderal (propranolol)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):
  11. "Product Information. Blocadren (timolol)." Merck & Co., Inc (2001):
  12. "Product Information. Brevibloc (esmolol)." DuPont Pharmaceuticals (2001):
  13. "Product Information. Cartrol (carteolol)." Abbott Pharmaceutical (2001):
  14. "Product Information. Kerlone (betaxolol)." Searle (2001):
  15. "Product Information. Lopressor (metoprolol)." Novartis Pharmaceuticals (2001):
  16. "Product Information. Betapace (sotalol)." Berlex Laboratories (2001):
  17. "Product Information. Zebeta (bisoprolol)." Lederle Laboratories (2001):
  18. "Product Information. Visken (pindolol)." Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation (2001):
  19. "Product Information. Levatol (penbutolol)." Reed and Carnrick (2001):
  20. Giugliano D, Acampora R, Marfella R, DeRosa N, Ziccardi P, Ragone R, DeAngelis L, DOnofrio F "Metabolic and cardiovascular effects of carvedilol and atenolol in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and hypertension - A randomized, controlled trial." Ann Intern Med 126 (1997): 955-9
  21. "Product Information. Bystolic (nebivolol)." Forest Pharmaceuticals (2007):

• Diseases requiring hemodialysis

  Major

  Therapy with sotalol should be administered cautiously in patients with renal failure undergoing hemodialysis. The half-life of sotalol is prolonged (up to 69 hours) in anuric patients. Although sotalol is partially removed by hemodialysis, a rebound in drug concentration often occurs after dialysis is complete. Sotalol should preferably be administered after dialysis and after hemodynamic stability has been established. Heart rate and ECG, particularly the QTc interval, must be closely monitored.

  4 sources

  1. Tjandramaga TB, Verbeeck R, Thomas J, Verbesselt R, Verberckmoes R, Schepper PJD "The effect of end-stage renal failure and haemodialysis on the elimination kinetics of sotalol." Br J Clin Pharmacol 3 (1976): 259-65
  2. Forsyth R P, Tjandramaga TB, Verberckmoes R, Verbeeck R, De Schepper PJ. Influence of chronic renal failure and haemodialysis on the elimination of the beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs practolol and sotalol. In: Saxena PR, eds., Verbesselt R "Beta-adrenoceptor Blocking Agents." Amsterdam, North-Holland, : (1976): 323-33
  3. Singh SN, Lazin A, Cohen A, Johnson M, Fletcher RD "Sotalol-induced torsades de pointes successfully treated with hemodialysis after failure of conventional therapy." Am Heart J 121 (1991): 601-2
  4. "Product Information. Betapace (sotalol)." Berlex Laboratories (2001):

• Heart Failure

  Major

  Beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents (aka beta-blockers) in general should not be used in patients with overt congestive heart failure (CHF). Sympathetic stimulation may be important in maintaining the hemodynamic function in these patients, thus beta-blockade can worsen the heart failure. However, therapy with beta-blockers may be beneficial and can be administered cautiously in some CHF patients provided they are well compensated and receiving digitalis, diuretics, an ACE inhibitor, and/or nitrates. Carvedilol, specifically, is indicated for use with these agents in the treatment of mild to severe heart failure of ischemic or cardiomyopathic origin. There is also increasing evidence that the addition of a beta-blocker to standard therapy can improve morbidity and mortality in patients with advanced heart failure, although it is uncertain whether effectiveness varies significantly with the different agents. Data from one meta-analysis study suggest a greater reduction of mortality risk for nonselective beta-blockers than for beta-1 selective agents.

  48 sources

  1. Michelson EL, Frishman WH, Lewis JE, et al. "Multicenter clinical evaluation of long-term efficacy and safety of labetalol in treatment of hypertension." Am J Med Oct 17 (1983): 68-80
  2. Myers J, Morgan T, Waga S, et al. "Long-term experiences with labetalol." Med J Aust 1 (1980): 665-6
  3. Tcherdakoff P "Side-effects with long-term labetalol: an open study of 251 patients in a single centre." Pharmatherapeutica 3 (1983): 342-8
  4. Altus P "Timolol-induced congestive heart failure." South Med J 74 (1981): 88
  5. Mashford ML, Coventry D, Hecker R, et al. "Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory Committee: ADRAC report for 1980." Med J Aust 1 (1982): 416-9
  6. "Product Information. Sectral (acebutolol)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2002):
  7. "Product Information. Tenormin (atenolol)." ICN Pharmaceuticals Inc (2002):
  8. "Product Information. Normodyne (labetalol)." Schering Corporation (2002):

  Show all 48 sourcesShow fewer sources

  9. "Product Information. Trandate (labetalol)." Glaxo Wellcome (2002):
  10. "Product Information. Corgard (nadolol)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2002):
  11. "Product Information. Inderal (propranolol)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):
  12. "Product Information. Blocadren (timolol)." Merck & Co., Inc (2001):
  13. "Product Information. Brevibloc (esmolol)." DuPont Pharmaceuticals (2001):
  14. "Product Information. Cartrol (carteolol)." Abbott Pharmaceutical (2001):
  15. "Product Information. Kerlone (betaxolol)." Searle (2001):
  16. "Product Information. Lopressor (metoprolol)." Novartis Pharmaceuticals (2001):
  17. "Product Information. Betapace (sotalol)." Berlex Laboratories (2001):
  18. "Product Information. Zebeta (bisoprolol)." Lederle Laboratories (2001):
  19. "Product Information. Visken (pindolol)." Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation (2001):
  20. "Product Information. Levatol (penbutolol)." Reed and Carnrick (2001):
  21. Lechat P, Jaillon P, Fontaine ML, Chanton E, Mesenge C, Gagey S, Guillardeau A, Dussous V "A randomized trial of beta-blockade in heart failure - the cardiac insufficiency bisoprolol study (CIBIS)." Circulation 90 (1994): 1765-73
  22. Maisel AS "Beneficial effects of metoprolol treatment in congestive heart failure - reversal of sympathetic-induced alterations of immunologic function." Circulation 90 (1994): 1774-80
  23. Persson H, Rythenalder E, Melcher A, Erhardt L "Effects of beta receptor antagonists in patients with clinical evidence of heart failure after myocardial infarction: double blind comparison of metoprolol and xamoterol." Br Heart J 74 (1995): 140-8
  24. Kelly DT "Carvedilol in heart failure." Cardiology 82 Suppl 3 (1993): 45-9
  25. Olsen SL, Gilbert EM, Renlund DG, Taylor DO, Yanowitz FD, Bristow MR "Carvedilol improves left ventricular function and symptoms in chronic heart failure: a double-blind randomized study." J Am Coll Cardiol 25 (1995): 1225-31
  26. Krum H, Sackner-Bernstein JD, Goldsmith RL, et al. "Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the long-term efficacy of carvedilol in patients with severe chronic heart failure." Circulation 92 (1995): 1499-506
  27. Australia-New Zealand Heart Failure Research Collaborative Group. "Effects of carvedilol, a vasodilator-B-blocker, in patients with congestive heart failure due to ischemic heart disease." Circulation 92 (1995): 212-8
  28. Kalman J, Buchholz C, Steinmetz M, Courtney M, Gass A, Lansman S, Kukin ML "Safety and efficacy of beta blockade in patients with chronic congestive heart failure awaiting transplantation." J Heart Lung Transplant 14 (1995): 1212-7
  29. Adams KF Jr "Current perspectives on B-receptor antagonists in the treatment of symptomatic ventricular dysfunction." Pharmacotherapy 16(2 Pt 2) (1996): 69-77
  30. Packer M, Bristow MR, Cohn JN, Colucci WS, Fowler MB, Gilbert EM, Shusterman NH "The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure." N Engl J Med 334 (1996): 1349-55
  31. Persson SV, Erhardt L "Effects of beta receptor antagonists on left ventricular function in patients with clinical evidence of heart failure after myocardial infarction. A double-blind comparison of metoprolol and xamoterol: echocardiographic results from the Metoprolol and..." Eur Heart J 17 (1996): 741-9
  32. Cleland JGF, Swedberg K "Carvedilol for heart failure, with care." Lancet 347 (1996): 1199-201
  33. Moye LA, Abernethy D "Carvedilol in patients with chronic heart failure." N Engl J Med 335 (1996): 1318
  34. Von Olshausen K, Pop T, Berger J "Carvedilol in patients with chronic heart failure." N Engl J Med 335 (1996): 1318-20
  35. Packer M, Cohn JN, Colucci WS "Carvedilol in patients with chronic heart failure." N Engl J Med 335 (1996): 1310-20
  36. Colucci WS, Packer M, Bristow MR, Gilbert EM, Cohn JN, Fowler MB, Krueger SK, Hershberger R, Uretsky BF, Bowers JA, Sackne "Carvedilol inhibits clinical progression in patients with mild symptoms of heart failure." Circulation 94 (1996): 2800-6
  37. Macmahon S, Sharpe N, Doughty R, Krum H, Tonkin A, Trotter A, Burton R, Garrett J, Lane G, Owensby D, Ryan J, Shepherd J, Sing "Randomised, placebo-controlled trial of carvedilol in patients with congestive heart failure due to ischaemic heart disease." Lancet 349 (1997): 375-80
  38. Bristow MR, Gilbert EM, Abraham WT, et al. "Carvedilol produces dose-related improvements in left ventricular function and survival in subjects with chronic heart failure. MOCHA Investigators." Circulation 94 (1996): 2807-16
  39. Packer M, Colucci WS, Sackner-Bernstein JD, Liang CS, Goldscher DA, Freeman I, Kukin ML, Kinhal V, Udelson JE, Klapholz M, Gottlieb SS, Pearle D "Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of carvedilol in patients with moderate to severe heart failure. The PRECISE Trial Prospective Randomized Evaluation of Carvedilol on Symptoms an Exercise." Circulation 94 (1996): 2793-9
  40. Doughty RN, Whalley GA, Gamble G, MacMahon S, Sharpe N "Left ventricular remodeling with carvedilol in patients with congestive heart failure due to ischemic heart disease. Australia-Ne Zealand Heart Failure Research Collaborative Group." J Am Coll Cardiol 29 (1997): 1060-6
  41. Lechat P, Packer M, Chalon S, Cucherat M, Arab T, Boissel JP "Clinical effects of beta-adrenergic blockade in chronic heart failure: A meta-analysis of double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trials." Circulation 98 (1998): 1184-91
  42. Frishman WH "Carvedilol." N Engl J Med 339 (1998): 1759-65
  43. CIBIS-II Investigators and Committees. "The cardiac insufficiency bisoprolol study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial." Lancet 353 (1999): 9-13
  44. Macdonald PS, Keogh AM, Aboyoun CL, Lund M, Amor R, McCaffrey DJ "Tolerability and efficacy of carvedilol in patients with New York Heart Association class IV heart failure." J Am Coll Cardiol 33 (1999): 924-31
  45. Hjalmarson A, Goldstein S, Fagerberg B, et al. "Effects of controlled-release metoprolol on total mortality, hospitalizations, and well-being in patients with heart failure: the Metoprolol CR/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in congestive heart failure (MERIT-HF)." JAMA 283 (2000): 1295-302
  46. Phillips KA, Shlipak MG, Coxson P, et al. "Health and economic benefits of increased B-blocker use following myocardial infarction." JAMA 284 (2000): 2748-54
  47. Hart SM "Influence of B-blockers on mortality in chronic heart failure." Ann Pharmacother 34 (2000): 1440-51
  48. "Product Information. Bystolic (nebivolol)." Forest Pharmaceuticals (2007):

• Hypersensitivity

  Major

  The use of beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents (aka beta-blockers) in patients with a history of allergic reactions or anaphylaxis may be associated with heightened reactivity to culprit allergens. The frequency and/or severity of attacks may be increased during beta-blocker therapy. In addition, these patients may be refractory to the usual doses of epinephrine used to treat acute hypersensitivity reactions and may require a beta-agonist such as isoproterenol.

  17 sources

  1. "Product Information. Sectral (acebutolol)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2002):
  2. "Product Information. Tenormin (atenolol)." ICN Pharmaceuticals Inc (2002):
  3. "Product Information. Normodyne (labetalol)." Schering Corporation (2002):
  4. "Product Information. Trandate (labetalol)." Glaxo Wellcome (2002):
  5. "Product Information. Corgard (nadolol)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2002):
  6. "Product Information. Inderal (propranolol)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):
  7. "Product Information. Blocadren (timolol)." Merck & Co., Inc (2001):
  8. "Product Information. Brevibloc (esmolol)." DuPont Pharmaceuticals (2001):

  Show all 17 sourcesShow fewer sources

  9. "Product Information. Cartrol (carteolol)." Abbott Pharmaceutical (2001):
  10. "Product Information. Kerlone (betaxolol)." Searle (2001):
  11. "Product Information. Lopressor (metoprolol)." Novartis Pharmaceuticals (2001):
  12. "Product Information. Betapace (sotalol)." Berlex Laboratories (2001):
  13. "Product Information. Zebeta (bisoprolol)." Lederle Laboratories (2001):
  14. "Product Information. Visken (pindolol)." Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation (2001):
  15. "Product Information. Levatol (penbutolol)." Reed and Carnrick (2001):
  16. "Product Information. Coreg (carvedilol)." SmithKline Beecham (2001):
  17. "Product Information. Bystolic (nebivolol)." Forest Pharmaceuticals (2007):

• Kidney Diseases

  Major

  Sotalol is primarily eliminated by the kidney. Patients with renal impairment may be at greater risk for adverse effects from sotalol, including torsade de pointes and worsened ventricular tachycardia, due to decreased drug clearance. Therapy with sotalol should be administered cautiously in patients with renal impairment. Dosage adjustments (i.e. prolongation of dosing interval) are recommended in patients with moderate to severe renal dysfunction (CrCl <= 60 mL/min), and dosage escalations should occur not more often than after administration of every 5 to 6 doses. Heart rate and ECG, particularly the QTc interval, should be closely monitored.

  7 sources

  1. Blair AD, Burgess ED, Maxwell BM, Cutler RE "Sotalol kinetics in renal insufficiency." Clin Pharmacol Ther 29 (1981): 457-63
  2. Tjandramaga TB, Verbeeck R, Thomas J, Verbesselt R, Verberckmoes R, Schepper PJD "The effect of end-stage renal failure and haemodialysis on the elimination kinetics of sotalol." Br J Clin Pharmacol 3 (1976): 259-65
  3. Berglund G, Descamps R, Thomis JA "Pharmacokinetics of sotalol after chronic administration to patients with renal insufficiency." Eur J Clin Pharmacol 18 (1980): 321-6
  4. Dumas M, d'Athis P, Besancenot JF, Chadoint-Noudeau V, Chalopin JM, Rifle G, Escousse A "Variations of sotalol kinetics in renal insufficiency." Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 27 (1989): 486-9
  5. Forsyth R P, Tjandramaga TB, Verberckmoes R, Verbeeck R, De Schepper PJ. Influence of chronic renal failure and haemodialysis on the elimination of the beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs practolol and sotalol. In: Saxena PR, eds., Verbesselt R "Beta-adrenoceptor Blocking Agents." Amsterdam, North-Holland, : (1976): 323-33
  6. "Product Information. Betapace (sotalol)." Berlex Laboratories (2001):
  7. Patrick GM, Pollock CA, Ibels LS, Caterson RJ "Sotalol and end-stage renal failure." Aust N Z J Med 24 (1994): 319-20

• Long QT Syndrome

  Major

  The use of sotalol is contraindicated in patients with congenital or acquired QT interval prolongation syndromes. Sotalol has dose-dependent proarrhythmic effects related to prolongation of the QT interval. The risk of torsades de pointes is progressively increased as the degree of prolongation becomes greater. The manufacturer states that sotalol should be used with particular caution in patients whose QTc is greater than 500 msec on- therapy. Serious consideration should be given to reducing the dosage or discontinuing therapy when the QTc exceeds 550 msec.The use of sotalol is contraindicated in patients with hypokalemia (< 4 meq/L). Electrolyte disturbances such as hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia may augment the prolongation effect of sotalol on the QT interval and should be corrected prior to institution of sotalol therapy. In addition, patients who experience frequent, severe, or prolonged diarrhea may be subject to electrolyte losses and should be followed closely and managed accordingly during therapy with sotalol.

  18 sources

  1. Kuck KH, Kunze KP, Roewer N, Bleifeld W "Sotalol-induced torsade de pointes." Am Heart J 107 (1984): 179-80
  2. Jordaens L, Gorgels A, Stroobandt R, Temmerman J "Efficacy and safety of intravenous sotalol for termination of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. The Sotalol Versus Placebo Multicenter Study Group." Am J Cardiol 68 (1991): 35-40
  3. Soyka LF, Wirtz C, Spangenberg RB "Clinical safety profile of sotalol in patients with arrhythmias." Am J Cardiol 65 (1990): a74-81;
  4. Allberry RA "Torsade de pointes." Anaesthesia 38 (1983): 910
  5. Antonaccio MJ, Lessem JN, Soyka LF "Sotalol, hypokalaemia, syncope, and torsade de pointes." Br Heart J 52 (1984): 358-9
  6. McKibbin JK, Pocock WA, Barlow JB, Millar RN, Obel IW "Sotalol, hypokalaemia, syncope, and torsade de pointes." Br Heart J 51 (1984): 157-62
  7. Krapf R, Gertsch M "Torsade de pointes induced by sotalol despite therapeutic plasma sotalol concentrations." Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 290 (1985): 1784-5
  8. Neuvonen PJ, Elonen E, Tanskanen A, Tuomilehto J "Sotalol prolongation of the QTc interval in hypertensive patients." Clin Pharmacol Ther 32 (1982): 25-32

  Show all 18 sourcesShow fewer sources

  9. Suttorp MJ, Kingma JH, Tjon Joe Gin RM, van Hemel NM, Koomen EM, Defauw JA, Adan AJ, Ernst SM "Efficacy and safety of low- and high-dose sotalol versus propranolol in the prevention of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias early after coronary artery bypass operations." J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 100 (1990): 921-6
  10. Griffith MJ, Linker NJ, Garratt CJ, Ward DE, Camm AJ "Relative efficacy and safety of intravenous drugs for termination of sustained ventricular tachycardia." Lancet 336 (1990): 670-3
  11. Arstall MA, Hii JT, Lehman RG, Horowitz JD "Sotalol-induced torsade de pointes: management with magnesium infusion." Postgrad Med J 68 (1992): 289-90
  12. Rakovec P, Cercek B, Rode P, Brucan A, Horvat M "Sotalol-induced torsade de pointes." Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 10 (1984): 167-70
  13. Gossinger HD, Siostrzonek P, Schmoliner R, Grimm G, Jager U, Mosslacher H "Sotalol-induced torsades de pointes in a patient with pre-existent normal response to programmed ventricular stimulation." Eur Heart J 8 (1987): 1351-3
  14. Hohnloser SH, Zabel M, van de Loo A, Klingenheben T, Just H "Efficacy and safety of sotalol in patients with complex ventricular arrhythmias." Int J Cardiol 37 (1992): 283-91
  15. Laakso M, Pentikainen PJ, Rehnberg S "Sotalol-induced prolongation of the Q-T interval and attacks of unconsciousness." Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 22 (1984): 487-90
  16. "Product Information. Betapace (sotalol)." Berlex Laboratories (2001):
  17. Cui GG, Sen LY, Sager P, Uppal P, Singh BN "Effects of amiodarone, sematilide, and sotalol on QT dispersion." Am J Cardiol 74 (1994): 896-900
  18. Lehmann MH, Hardy S, Archibald D, Quart B, Macneil DJ "Sex difference in risk of torsade de pointes with d,l-sotalol." Circulation 94 (1996): 2535-41

• Myocardial Ischemia

  Major

  Heightened sensitivity to catecholamines may occur after prolonged use of beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents (aka beta-blockers). Exacerbation of angina, myocardial infarction and ventricular arrhythmias have been reported in patients with coronary artery disease following abrupt withdrawal of therapy. Cessation of beta-blocker therapy, whenever necessary, should occur gradually with incrementally reduced dosages over a period of 1 to 2 weeks in patients with coronary insufficiency. Patients should be advised not to discontinue treatment without first consulting with the physician. In patients who experience an exacerbation of angina following discontinuation of beta-blocker therapy, the medication should generally be reinstituted, at least temporarily, along with other clinically appropriate measures.

  20 sources

  1. Miller RR, Olson HG, Amsterdam EA, Mason DT "Propranolol-withdrawal rebound phenomenon: exacerbation of coronary events after abrupt cessation of antianginal therapy." N Engl J Med 293 (1975): 416-8
  2. Rangno RE, Langlois S "Comparison of withdrawal phenomena after propranolol, metoprolol, and pindolol." Am Heart J 104 (1982): 473-8
  3. Szecsi E, Kohlschutter S, Schiess W, Lang E "Abrupt withdrawal of pindolol or metoprolol after chronic therapy." Br J Clin Pharmacol 13 (1982): s353-7
  4. Walden RJ, Hernandez J, Yu Y, et al. "Withdrawal of beta-blocking drugs." Am Heart J 104 (1982): 515-20
  5. "Product Information. Sectral (acebutolol)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2002):
  6. "Product Information. Tenormin (atenolol)." ICN Pharmaceuticals Inc (2002):
  7. "Product Information. Normodyne (labetalol)." Schering Corporation (2002):
  8. "Product Information. Trandate (labetalol)." Glaxo Wellcome (2002):

  Show all 20 sourcesShow fewer sources

  9. "Product Information. Corgard (nadolol)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2002):
  10. "Product Information. Inderal (propranolol)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):
  11. "Product Information. Blocadren (timolol)." Merck & Co., Inc (2001):
  12. "Product Information. Cartrol (carteolol)." Abbott Pharmaceutical (2001):
  13. "Product Information. Kerlone (betaxolol)." Searle (2001):
  14. "Product Information. Lopressor (metoprolol)." Novartis Pharmaceuticals (2001):
  15. "Product Information. Betapace (sotalol)." Berlex Laboratories (2001):
  16. "Product Information. Zebeta (bisoprolol)." Lederle Laboratories (2001):
  17. "Product Information. Visken (pindolol)." Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation (2001):
  18. "Product Information. Levatol (penbutolol)." Reed and Carnrick (2001):
  19. "Product Information. Coreg (carvedilol)." SmithKline Beecham (2001):
  20. "Product Information. Bystolic (nebivolol)." Forest Pharmaceuticals (2007):

• Peripheral Vascular Diseases

  Major

  Due to their negative inotropic and chronotropic effects on the heart, beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents (aka beta-blockers) reduce cardiac output and may precipitate or aggravate symptoms of arterial insufficiency in patients with peripheral vascular disease. In addition, the nonselective beta-blockers (e.g., propranolol, pindolol, timolol) may attenuate catecholamine-mediated vasodilation during exercise by blocking beta-2 receptors in peripheral vessels. Therapy with beta-blockers should be administered cautiously in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Close monitoring for progression of arterial obstruction is advised.

  27 sources

  1. Michelson EL, Frishman WH, Lewis JE, et al. "Multicenter clinical evaluation of long-term efficacy and safety of labetalol in treatment of hypertension." Am J Med Oct 17 (1983): 68-80
  2. Eliasson K, Danielson M, Hylander B, Lindblad LE "Raynaud's phenomenon caused by beta-receptor blocking drugs." Acta Med Scand 215 (1984): 333-9
  3. Myers J, Morgan T, Waga S, et al. "Long-term experiences with labetalol." Med J Aust 1 (1980): 665-6
  4. Tcherdakoff P "Side-effects with long-term labetalol: an open study of 251 patients in a single centre." Pharmatherapeutica 3 (1983): 342-8
  5. Eliasson K, Lins L-E, Sundqvist K "Peripheral vasospasm during beta-receptor blockade: a comparison between metoprolol and pindolol." Acta Med Scand 665 (1982): 109-12
  6. Lepantalo M "Beta blockade and intermittent claudication." Acta Med Scand 700 (1985): 1-48
  7. Mashford ML, Coventry D, Hecker R, et al. "Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory Committee: ADRAC report for 1980." Med J Aust 1 (1982): 416-9
  8. Coppeto JR "Transient ischemic attacks and amaurosis fugax from timolol." Ann Ophthalmol 17 (1985): 64-5

  Show all 27 sourcesShow fewer sources

  9. "Product Information. Sectral (acebutolol)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2002):
  10. "Product Information. Tenormin (atenolol)." ICN Pharmaceuticals Inc (2002):
  11. "Product Information. Normodyne (labetalol)." Schering Corporation (2002):
  12. "Product Information. Trandate (labetalol)." Glaxo Wellcome (2002):
  13. "Product Information. Corgard (nadolol)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2002):
  14. "Product Information. Inderal (propranolol)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):
  15. "Product Information. Blocadren (timolol)." Merck & Co., Inc (2001):
  16. "Product Information. Brevibloc (esmolol)." DuPont Pharmaceuticals (2001):
  17. "Product Information. Cartrol (carteolol)." Abbott Pharmaceutical (2001):
  18. "Product Information. Kerlone (betaxolol)." Searle (2001):
  19. "Product Information. Lopressor (metoprolol)." Novartis Pharmaceuticals (2001):
  20. "Product Information. Betapace (sotalol)." Berlex Laboratories (2001):
  21. Broeder CE, Thomas EL, Martin NB, Hofman Z, Jesek JK, Scruggs KD, Wambsgans KC, Wilmore JH "Effects of propranolol and pindolol on cardiac output during extended periods of low-intensity physical activity." Am J Cardiol 72 (1993): 1188-95
  22. "Product Information. Zebeta (bisoprolol)." Lederle Laboratories (2001):
  23. Holti G "A double-blind study of the peripheral vasoconstrictor effects of the beta-blocking drug penbutolol in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon." Curr Med Res Opin 6 (1979): 267-70
  24. "Product Information. Visken (pindolol)." Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation (2001):
  25. "Product Information. Levatol (penbutolol)." Reed and Carnrick (2001):
  26. Breckenridge A, Roberts DH "Antihypertensive treatment in concomitant peripheral vascular disease: current experience and the potential of carvedilol." J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 18 Suppl 4 (1991): s78-81
  27. "Product Information. Bystolic (nebivolol)." Forest Pharmaceuticals (2007):

• Shock, Cardiogenic

  Major

  The use of beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents (aka beta-blockers) is contraindicated in patients with hypotension or cardiogenic shock. Due to their negative inotropic and chronotropic effects on the heart, the use of beta-blockers is likely to further depress cardiac output and blood pressure, which can be detrimental in these patients.

  24 sources

  1. Kholeif M, Isles C "Profound hypotension after atenolol in severe hypertension." Br Med J 298 (1989): 161-2
  2. Tirlapur VG, Evans PJ, Jones MK "Shock syndrome after acebutolol." Br J Clin Pract 40 (1986): 33-4
  3. "Product Information. Sectral (acebutolol)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2002):
  4. "Product Information. Tenormin (atenolol)." ICN Pharmaceuticals Inc (2002):
  5. "Product Information. Normodyne (labetalol)." Schering Corporation (2002):
  6. "Product Information. Trandate (labetalol)." Glaxo Wellcome (2002):
  7. "Product Information. Corgard (nadolol)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2002):
  8. "Product Information. Inderal (propranolol)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):

  Show all 24 sourcesShow fewer sources

  9. "Product Information. Blocadren (timolol)." Merck & Co., Inc (2001):
  10. "Product Information. Brevibloc (esmolol)." DuPont Pharmaceuticals (2001):
  11. "Product Information. Cartrol (carteolol)." Abbott Pharmaceutical (2001):
  12. "Product Information. Kerlone (betaxolol)." Searle (2001):
  13. "Product Information. Lopressor (metoprolol)." Novartis Pharmaceuticals (2001):
  14. "Product Information. Betapace (sotalol)." Berlex Laboratories (2001):
  15. "Product Information. Zebeta (bisoprolol)." Lederle Laboratories (2001):
  16. "Product Information. Visken (pindolol)." Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation (2001):
  17. "Product Information. OptiPranolol (metipranolol ophthalmic)." Bausch and Lomb Americas, Inc. (2022):
  18. "Product Information. Levatol (penbutolol)." Reed and Carnrick (2001):
  19. "Product Information. Betagan (levobunolol ophthalmic)." Allergan Inc (2022):
  20. "Product Information. Coreg (carvedilol)." SmithKline Beecham (2001):
  21. "Product Information. Acupress (carteolol ophthalmic)." Otsuka American Pharmaceuticals Inc, Rockville, MD.
  22. "Product Information. Betoptic (betaxolol ophthalmic)." Alcon Laboratories Inc (2001):
  23. Frishman WH "Carvedilol." N Engl J Med 339 (1998): 1759-65
  24. "Product Information. Bystolic (nebivolol)." Forest Pharmaceuticals (2007):

• Cerebrovascular Disorders

  Moderate

  Beta-adrenergic blocking agents (beta-blockers), should be used with caution in patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency because of their potential effects relative to blood pressure and pulse. If signs or symptoms suggesting reduced cerebral blood flow are observed, consideration should be given to discontinuing these agents.

  16 sources

  1. "Product Information. Sectral (acebutolol)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2002):
  2. "Product Information. Tenormin (atenolol)." ICN Pharmaceuticals Inc (2002):
  3. "Product Information. Trandate (labetalol)." Glaxo Wellcome (2002):
  4. "Product Information. Corgard (nadolol)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2002):
  5. "Product Information. Inderal (propranolol)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):
  6. "Product Information. Blocadren (timolol)." Merck & Co., Inc (2001):
  7. "Product Information. Brevibloc (esmolol)." DuPont Pharmaceuticals (2001):
  8. "Product Information. Cartrol (carteolol)." Abbott Pharmaceutical (2001):

  Show all 16 sourcesShow fewer sources

  9. "Product Information. Kerlone (betaxolol)." Searle (2001):
  10. "Product Information. Lopressor (metoprolol)." Novartis Pharmaceuticals (2001):
  11. "Product Information. Betapace (sotalol)." Berlex Laboratories (2001):
  12. "Product Information. Zebeta (bisoprolol)." Lederle Laboratories (2001):
  13. "Product Information. Visken (pindolol)." Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation (2001):
  14. "Product Information. Levatol (penbutolol)." Reed and Carnrick (2001):
  15. "Product Information. Coreg (carvedilol)." SmithKline Beecham (2001):
  16. "Product Information. Bystolic (nebivolol)." Forest Pharmaceuticals (2007):

• Glaucoma

  Moderate

  Systemic beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents (aka beta-blockers) may lower intraocular pressure. Therefore, patients with glaucoma or intraocular hypertension may require adjustments in their ophthalmic regimen following a dosing change or discontinuation of beta-blocker therapy.

  16 sources

  1. "Product Information. Sectral (acebutolol)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2002):
  2. "Product Information. Tenormin (atenolol)." ICN Pharmaceuticals Inc (2002):
  3. "Product Information. Normodyne (labetalol)." Schering Corporation (2002):
  4. "Product Information. Trandate (labetalol)." Glaxo Wellcome (2002):
  5. "Product Information. Corgard (nadolol)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2002):
  6. "Product Information. Inderal (propranolol)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):
  7. "Product Information. Blocadren (timolol)." Merck & Co., Inc (2001):
  8. "Product Information. Cartrol (carteolol)." Abbott Pharmaceutical (2001):

  Show all 16 sourcesShow fewer sources

  9. "Product Information. Kerlone (betaxolol)." Searle (2001):
  10. "Product Information. Lopressor (metoprolol)." Novartis Pharmaceuticals (2001):
  11. "Product Information. Betapace (sotalol)." Berlex Laboratories (2001):
  12. "Product Information. Zebeta (bisoprolol)." Lederle Laboratories (2001):
  13. "Product Information. Visken (pindolol)." Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation (2001):
  14. "Product Information. Levatol (penbutolol)." Reed and Carnrick (2001):
  15. "Product Information. Coreg (carvedilol)." SmithKline Beecham (2001):
  16. "Product Information. Bystolic (nebivolol)." Forest Pharmaceuticals (2007):

• Hyperlipidemias

  Moderate

  Beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents (aka beta-blockers) may alter serum lipid profiles. Increases in serum VLDL and LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, as well as decreases in HDL cholesterol, have been reported with some beta-blockers. Patients with preexisting hyperlipidemia may require closer monitoring during beta-blocker therapy, and adjustments made accordingly in their lipid-lowering regimen.

  40 sources

  1. Rossner S, Weiner L "Atenolol and metoprolol: comparison of effects on blood pressure and serum lipoproteins, and side effects." Eur J Clin Pharmacol 24 (1983): 573-7
  2. Valimaki M, Maass L, Harno K, Nikkila EA "Lipoprotein lipids and apoproteins during beta-blocker administration: comparison of penbutolol and atenolol." Eur J Clin Pharmacol 30 (1986): 17-20
  3. Disler LJ, Joffe BI, Seftel HC "Massive hypertriglyceridemia associated with atenolol." Am J Med 85 (1988): 586-7
  4. Harvengt C, Heller FR, Martiat P, Nieuwenhuyze YV "Short-term effects of beta blockers atenolol, nadolol, pindolol, and propranolol on lipoprotein metabolism in normolipemic subjects." J Clin Pharmacol 27 (1987): 475-80
  5. Darga LL, Hakim MJ, Lucas CP, Franklin BA "Comparison of the effects of guanadrel sulfate and propranolol on blood pressure, functional capacity, serum lipoproteins and glucose in systemic hypertension." Am J Cardiol 67 (1991): 590-6
  6. Rossner S, Weiner L "Atenolol and metoprolol: comparison of effects on blood pressure and serum lipoproteins, and side effects." Eur J Clin Pharmacol 24 (1983): 573-7
  7. Weiner L, Rossner S "Atenolol 50 mg or metoprolol 200 mg: a comparison of antihypertensive efficacy, side effects and lipoprotein changes." Acta Med Scand 677 (1983): 153-7
  8. Ferrara LA, Marotta T, Scilla A, et al. "Effect of oxprenolol and metoprolol on serum lipid concentration." Eur J Clin Pharmacol 26 (1984): 331-4

  Show all 40 sourcesShow fewer sources

  9. Pasotti C, Capra A, Fiorella G, et al. "Effects of pindolol and metoprolol on plasma lipids and lipoproteins." Br J Clin Pharmacol 13 (1982): s435-9
  10. Carlson LA, Ribacke M, Terent A "A long-term study on the effect of pindolol on serum lipoproteins: a preliminary report." Br J Clin Pharmacol 24 (1987): s61-2
  11. Samuel P, Chin B, Schoenfeld BH, et al. "Comparison of the effect of pindolol versus propranolol on the lipid profile in patients treated for hypertension." Br J Clin Pharmacol 24 (1987): s63-4
  12. Terent A, Ribacke M, Carlson LA "Long-term effect of pindolol on lipids and lipoproteins in men with newly diagnosed hypertension." Eur J Clin Pharmacol 36 (1989): 347-50
  13. Sasaki J, Saku K, Ideishi M, et al. "Effects of pindolol on serum lipids, apolipoproteins, and lipoproteins in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension." Clin Ther 11 (1989): 219-24
  14. Szollar LG, Meszaros I, Tornoci L, et al. "Effect of metoprolol and pindolol monotherapy on plasma lipid- and lipoprotein-cholesterol levels (including the HDL subclasses) in mild hypertensive males and females." J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 15 (1990): 911-7
  15. Leren P, Foss PO, Nordvik B, Fossbakk B "The effect of enalapril and timolol on blood lipids." Acta Med Scand 223 (1988): 321-6
  16. "Product Information. Sectral (acebutolol)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2002):
  17. "Product Information. Tenormin (atenolol)." ICN Pharmaceuticals Inc (2002):
  18. "Product Information. Normodyne (labetalol)." Schering Corporation (2002):
  19. "Product Information. Trandate (labetalol)." Glaxo Wellcome (2002):
  20. "Product Information. Corgard (nadolol)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2002):
  21. "Product Information. Inderal (propranolol)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):
  22. "Product Information. Blocadren (timolol)." Merck & Co., Inc (2001):
  23. Northcote RJ, Packard CJ, Ballantyne D "The effect of sotalol on plasma lipoproteins and apolipoproteins." Clin Chim Acta 158 (1986): 187-91
  24. Lehtonen A, Hietanen E, Marniemi J, Peltonen P, Nikkila EA "Effect of sotalol withdrawal on serum lipids and lipoprotein lipase activity." Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 21 (1983): 73-6
  25. "Product Information. Cartrol (carteolol)." Abbott Pharmaceutical (2001):
  26. "Product Information. Kerlone (betaxolol)." Searle (2001):
  27. "Product Information. Lopressor (metoprolol)." Novartis Pharmaceuticals (2001):
  28. "Product Information. Betapace (sotalol)." Berlex Laboratories (2001):
  29. "Product Information. Zebeta (bisoprolol)." Lederle Laboratories (2001):
  30. Safran AB, Simona F, Sansonetti A, Pometta D, James R "Effects of ocular carteolol and timolol on plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level." Am J Ophthalmol 117 (1994): 683
  31. "Product Information. Visken (pindolol)." Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation (2001):
  32. Clucas A, Miller N "Effects of acebutolol on the serum lipid profile." Drugs 36 Suppl 2 (1988): 41-50
  33. "Product Information. Levatol (penbutolol)." Reed and Carnrick (2001):
  34. Kasiske BL, Ma JZ, Kalil RS, Louis TA "Effects of antihypertensive therapy on serum lipids." Ann Intern Med 122 (1995): 133-41
  35. Lind L, Pollare T, Berne C, Lithell H "Long-term metabolic effects of antihypertensive drugs." Am Heart J 128 (1994): 1177-83
  36. Sasaki J, Kajiyama G, Kusukawa R, Mori H, Koga S, Takagi R, Tanaka N, Ogawa N, Arakawa K "Effect of bevantolol and propranolol on serum lipids in patients with essential hypertension." Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 32 (1994): 660-4
  37. "Product Information. Coreg (carvedilol)." SmithKline Beecham (2001):
  38. Lithell H, Andersson PE "Metabolic effects of carvedilol in hypertensive patients." Eur J Clin Pharmacol 52 (1997): 13-7
  39. Gordon NF, Scott CB, Duncan JJ "Effects of atenolol versus enalapril on cardiovascular fitness and serum lipids in physically active hypertensive men." Am J Cardiol 79 (1997): 1065-9
  40. "Product Information. Bystolic (nebivolol)." Forest Pharmaceuticals (2007):

• Hyperthyroidism

  Moderate

  When beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents (aka beta-blockers) are used to alleviate symptoms of hyperthyroidism such as tachycardia, anxiety, tremor and heat intolerance, abrupt withdrawal can exacerbate thyrotoxicosis or precipitate a thyroid storm. To minimize this risk, cessation of beta-blocker therapy, when necessary, should occur gradually with incrementally reduced dosages over a period of 1 to 2 weeks. Patients should be advised not to discontinue treatment without first consulting with the physician. Close monitoring is recommended during and after therapy withdrawal.

  16 sources

  1. "Product Information. Sectral (acebutolol)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2002):
  2. "Product Information. Tenormin (atenolol)." ICN Pharmaceuticals Inc (2002):
  3. "Product Information. Normodyne (labetalol)." Schering Corporation (2002):
  4. "Product Information. Trandate (labetalol)." Glaxo Wellcome (2002):
  5. "Product Information. Corgard (nadolol)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2002):
  6. "Product Information. Inderal (propranolol)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):
  7. "Product Information. Blocadren (timolol)." Merck & Co., Inc (2001):
  8. "Product Information. Cartrol (carteolol)." Abbott Pharmaceutical (2001):

  Show all 16 sourcesShow fewer sources

  9. "Product Information. Kerlone (betaxolol)." Searle (2001):
  10. "Product Information. Lopressor (metoprolol)." Novartis Pharmaceuticals (2001):
  11. "Product Information. Betapace (sotalol)." Berlex Laboratories (2001):
  12. "Product Information. Zebeta (bisoprolol)." Lederle Laboratories (2001):
  13. "Product Information. Visken (pindolol)." Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation (2001):
  14. "Product Information. Levatol (penbutolol)." Reed and Carnrick (2001):
  15. "Product Information. Coreg (carvedilol)." SmithKline Beecham (2001):
  16. "Product Information. Bystolic (nebivolol)." Forest Pharmaceuticals (2007):

• Myasthenia Gravis

  Moderate

  Beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents (aka beta-blockers) may potentiate muscle weakness consistent with certain myasthenic symptoms such as diplopia, ptosis, and generalized weakness. Several beta-blockers have been associated rarely with aggravation of muscle weakness in patients with preexisting myasthenia gravis or myasthenic symptoms. Use cautiously in patients with myasthenia gravis.

  7 sources

  1. Confavreux C, Charles N, Aimard G "Fulminant myasthenia gravis soon after initiation of acebutolol therapy." Eur Neurol 30 (1990): 279-81
  2. Berstein LP, Henkind P "Additional information on adverse reactions to timolol." Am J Ophthalmol 92 (1981): 295-6
  3. Coppeto JR "Timolol-associated myasthenia gravis." Am J Ophthalmol 98 (1984): 244-5
  4. Verkijk A "Worsening of myasthenia gravis with timolol maleate eyedrops." Ann Neurol 17 (1985): 211-2
  5. Herishanu Y, Rosenberg P "Beta-blockers and myasthenia gravis." Ann Intern Med 83 (1975): 834-5
  6. "Product Information. Blocadren (timolol)." Merck & Co., Inc (2001):
  7. Choi KL, Wat MS, Ip TP, Kung AWC, Lam KSL "Phaeochromocytoma associated with myasthenia gravis precipitated by propranolol treatment." Aust N Z J Med 25 (1995): 257

• Pheochromocytoma

  Moderate

  Administration of beta-blockers alone in the setting of pheochromocytoma has been associated with a paradoxical increase in blood pressure due to the attenuation of beta-mediated vasodilatation in skeletal muscle. In patients with pheochromocytoma, an alpha-blocking agent should be initiated prior to the use of any beta-blocking agent. Caution should be taken in the administration of these agents to patients suspected of having pheochromocytoma.

  16 sources

  1. "Product Information. Sectral (acebutolol)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2002):
  2. "Product Information. Tenormin (atenolol)." ICN Pharmaceuticals Inc (2002):
  3. "Product Information. Trandate (labetalol)." Glaxo Wellcome (2002):
  4. "Product Information. Corgard (nadolol)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2002):
  5. "Product Information. Inderal (propranolol)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):
  6. "Product Information. Blocadren (timolol)." Merck & Co., Inc (2001):
  7. "Product Information. Brevibloc (esmolol)." DuPont Pharmaceuticals (2001):
  8. "Product Information. Cartrol (carteolol)." Abbott Pharmaceutical (2001):

  Show all 16 sourcesShow fewer sources

  9. "Product Information. Kerlone (betaxolol)." Searle (2001):
  10. "Product Information. Lopressor (metoprolol)." Novartis Pharmaceuticals (2001):
  11. "Product Information. Betapace (sotalol)." Berlex Laboratories (2001):
  12. "Product Information. Zebeta (bisoprolol)." Lederle Laboratories (2001):
  13. "Product Information. Visken (pindolol)." Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation (2001):
  14. "Product Information. Levatol (penbutolol)." Reed and Carnrick (2001):
  15. "Product Information. Coreg (carvedilol)." SmithKline Beecham (2001):
  16. "Product Information. Bystolic (nebivolol)." Forest Pharmaceuticals (2007):

• Prinzmetal's variant angina

  Moderate

  Agents with non-selective beta-blocking activity may provoke chest pain in patients with Prinzmetal's variant angina. the use of non-selective beta blockers is not recommended in these patients. Caution should be taken in the administration of these agents to patients suspected of having Prinzmetal's variant angina.

  9 sources

  1. "Product Information. Normodyne (labetalol)." Schering Corporation (2002):
  2. "Product Information. Corgard (nadolol)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2002):
  3. "Product Information. Inderal (propranolol)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):
  4. "Product Information. Blocadren (timolol)." Merck & Co., Inc (2001):
  5. "Product Information. Cartrol (carteolol)." Abbott Pharmaceutical (2001):
  6. "Product Information. Betapace (sotalol)." Berlex Laboratories (2001):
  7. "Product Information. Visken (pindolol)." Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation (2001):
  8. "Product Information. Levatol (penbutolol)." Reed and Carnrick (2001):

  Show all 9 sourcesShow fewer sources

  9. "Product Information. Coreg (carvedilol)." SmithKline Beecham (2001):

• Psoriasis

  Moderate

  The use of beta-blockers in psoriatic patients should be carefully weighed since the use of these agents may cause an aggravation in psoriasis.

  16 sources

  1. "Product Information. Sectral (acebutolol)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2002):
  2. "Product Information. Tenormin (atenolol)." ICN Pharmaceuticals Inc (2002):
  3. "Product Information. Normodyne (labetalol)." Schering Corporation (2002):
  4. "Product Information. Trandate (labetalol)." Glaxo Wellcome (2002):
  5. "Product Information. Corgard (nadolol)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2002):
  6. "Product Information. Inderal (propranolol)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):
  7. "Product Information. Blocadren (timolol)." Merck & Co., Inc (2001):
  8. "Product Information. Brevibloc (esmolol)." DuPont Pharmaceuticals (2001):

  Show all 16 sourcesShow fewer sources

  9. "Product Information. Cartrol (carteolol)." Abbott Pharmaceutical (2001):
  10. "Product Information. Kerlone (betaxolol)." Searle (2001):
  11. "Product Information. Lopressor (metoprolol)." Novartis Pharmaceuticals (2001):
  12. "Product Information. Betapace (sotalol)." Berlex Laboratories (2001):
  13. "Product Information. Zebeta (bisoprolol)." Lederle Laboratories (2001):
  14. "Product Information. Visken (pindolol)." Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation (2001):
  15. "Product Information. Levatol (penbutolol)." Reed and Carnrick (2001):
  16. "Product Information. Bystolic (nebivolol)." Forest Pharmaceuticals (2007):

• Tachycardia

  Moderate

  Beta-adrenergic blockade in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and tachycardia has been associated with severe bradycardia requiring treatment with a pacemaker. In one case, this result was reported after an initial dose of 5 mg propranolol. The use of beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents (aka beta-blockers) should be administered cautiously in these patients.

  16 sources

  1. "Product Information. Sectral (acebutolol)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2002):
  2. "Product Information. Tenormin (atenolol)." ICN Pharmaceuticals Inc (2002):
  3. "Product Information. Normodyne (labetalol)." Schering Corporation (2002):
  4. "Product Information. Trandate (labetalol)." Glaxo Wellcome (2002):
  5. "Product Information. Corgard (nadolol)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2002):
  6. "Product Information. Inderal (propranolol)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):
  7. "Product Information. Blocadren (timolol)." Merck & Co., Inc (2001):
  8. "Product Information. Brevibloc (esmolol)." DuPont Pharmaceuticals (2001):

  Show all 16 sourcesShow fewer sources

  9. "Product Information. Cartrol (carteolol)." Abbott Pharmaceutical (2001):
  10. "Product Information. Kerlone (betaxolol)." Searle (2001):
  11. "Product Information. Lopressor (metoprolol)." Novartis Pharmaceuticals (2001):
  12. "Product Information. Betapace (sotalol)." Berlex Laboratories (2001):
  13. "Product Information. Zebeta (bisoprolol)." Lederle Laboratories (2001):
  14. "Product Information. Visken (pindolol)." Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation (2001):
  15. "Product Information. Levatol (penbutolol)." Reed and Carnrick (2001):
  16. "Product Information. Bystolic (nebivolol)." Forest Pharmaceuticals (2007):

Therapeutic duplication

Drug classes that overlap with Sotalol Hydrochloride, so taking both doubles up the same effect. This source publishes no per-row citations for duplication.

• antiarrhythmics

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'antiarrhythmics' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'antiarrhythmics' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Epinephrine/lidocaine

• antiarrhythmics

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'antiarrhythmics' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'antiarrhythmics' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Nuedexta

• antiarrhythmics

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'antiarrhythmics' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'antiarrhythmics' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Bupivacaine/lidocaine/triamcinolone

• antiarrhythmics

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'antiarrhythmics' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'antiarrhythmics' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Trandolapril/verapamil

• beta blockers

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'beta blockers' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'beta blockers' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Ziac

• beta blockers

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'beta blockers' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'beta blockers' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Hydrochlorothiazide/metoprolol

• beta blockers

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'beta blockers' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'beta blockers' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Hydrochlorothiazide/propranolol

• beta blockers

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'beta blockers' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'beta blockers' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Hydrochlorothiazide/timolol

• beta blockers

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'beta blockers' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'beta blockers' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Tenoretic 50

• beta blockers

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'beta blockers' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'beta blockers' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Bendroflumethiazide/nadolol

• beta blockers

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'beta blockers' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'beta blockers' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Nebivolol/valsartan