Promethazine Hydrochloride interactions

Food & lifestyle

• alcohol

  Moderate

  Synergy

  Concurrent use of ethanol and phenothiazines may result in additive CNS depression and psychomotor impairment. Also, ethanol may precipitate dystonic reactions in patients who are taking phenothiazines. The two drugs probably act on different sites in the brain, although the exact mechanism of the interaction is not known.

  What to do: Patients should be advised to avoid alcohol during phenothiazine therapy.

  2 sources

  1. Lutz EG "Neuroleptic-induced akathisia and dystonia triggered by alcohol." JAMA 236 (1976): 2422-3
  2. Freed E "Alcohol-triggered-neuroleptic-induced tremor, rigidity and dystonia." Med J Aust 2 (1981): 44-5

Conditions

Conditions in which Promethazine Hydrochloride needs care, as documented in this source.

• Alcoholic Intoxication

  Major

  The use of phenothiazines is contraindicated in patients with acute alcohol intoxication exhibiting depressed vital signs. The central nervous system depressant effects of phenothiazines may be additive with those of alcohol. Severe respiratory depression and respiratory arrest may occur. Therapy with phenothiazines should be administered cautiously in patients who might be prone to acute alcohol intake.

  13 sources

  1. "Product Information. Thorazine (chlorpromazine)." SmithKline Beecham (2002):
  2. "Product Information. Sparine (promazine)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):
  3. "Product Information. Phenergan (promethazine)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):
  4. "Product Information. Prolixin (fluphenazine)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2001):
  5. "Product Information. Compazine (prochlorperazine)." SmithKline Beecham (2001):
  6. "Product Information. Mellaril (thioridazine)." Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation (2001):
  7. "Product Information. Serentil (mesoridazine)." Boehringer-Ingelheim (2001):
  8. "Product Information. Torecan (thiethylperazine)." Roxane Laboratories Inc (2001):

  Show all 13 sourcesShow fewer sources

  9. "Product Information. Trilafon (perphenazine)." Schering Corporation (2001):
  10. "Product Information. Tacaryl (methdilazine)." Westwood Squibb Pharmaceutical Corporation (2001):
  11. "Product Information. Temaril (trimeprazine)." Allergan Inc (2001):
  12. "Product Information. Stelazine (trifluoperazine)." SmithKline Beecham (2001):
  13. "Product Information. Vesprin (triflupromazine)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2001):

• Asthma

  Major

  Promethazine is contraindicated for use in the treatment of lower respiratory tract symptoms including asthma. Furthermore, promethazine tablets may lead to potentially fatal respiratory depression, and its use should be avoided in patients with compromised respiratory function such as patients with COPD, and sleep apnea.

  1 source

  1. "Product Information. Phenergan (promethazine)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):

• Cardiovascular Diseases

  Major

  Phenothiazines may cause hypotension (including orthostatic hypotension), reflex tachycardia, increased pulse rate, syncope, and dizziness, particularly after the first parenteral dose but rarely after the first oral dose. Low-potency agents such as chlorpromazine and thioridazine are more likely to induce these effects, which usually subside within the first couple of hours following administration. Tolerance to the hypotensive effects often develops after a few doses. Rarely, fatal cardiac arrest has occurred secondary to severe hypotension. Other reported adverse cardiovascular effects include edema, thrombosis, and ECG abnormalities such as PR and QT interval prolongation, diffuse T-wave flattening, and ST segment depression. Therapy with phenothiazines should be avoided or otherwise administered cautiously in patients with severe cardiovascular disease, pheochromocytoma, a predisposition to hypotension, or conditions that could be exacerbated by hypotension such as a history of myocardial infarction, angina, or ischemic stroke. Close monitoring of cardiovascular status, including ECG changes, is recommended at all dosages. If parenteral therapy is given, patients should be in a supine position during administration and for at least 30 to 60 minutes afterwards. Patients who experience orthostatic hypotension should be cautioned not to rise too abruptly. Occasionally, when severe, hypotension may require treatment with vasoconstrictive agents such as norepinephrine or phenylephrine. Epinephrine should not be used, however, since phenothiazines can reverse its vasopressor effects and cause a further lowering of blood pressure.

  24 sources

  1. Varia I, Krishnan R, Davidson J "Deep-vein thrombosis with antipsychotic drugs." Psychosomatics 24 (1983): 1097-8
  2. Schreiber G, Belmaker R "In vivo differentiation of cardiac vagal blocking effects of chlorpromazine and haloperidol." Biol Psychiatry 22 (1987): 1417-21
  3. Witz L, Shapiro M, Shenkman L "Chlorpromazine induced fluid retention masquerading as idiopathic oedema." Br Med J 294 (1987): 807-8
  4. Dorson P, Crismon M "Chlorpromazine accumulation and sudden death in a patient with renal insufficiency." Drug Intell Clin Pharm 22 (1988): 776-8
  5. Fruncillo R, Gibbons W, Vlasses P, Ferguson R "Severe hypotension associated with concurrent clonidine and antipsychotic medication." Am J Psychiatry 142 (1985): 274
  6. Stevenson R, Blanshard C, Patterson D "Ventricular fibrillation due to lithium withdrawal: an interaction with chlorpromazine?" Postgrad Med J 65 (1989): 936-8
  7. "Product Information. Thorazine (chlorpromazine)." SmithKline Beecham (2002):
  8. "Product Information. Sparine (promazine)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):

  Show all 24 sourcesShow fewer sources

  9. "Product Information. Phenergan (promethazine)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):
  10. Fletcher GF, Kazamias TM "Cardiotoxic effects of Mellaril: conduction disturbances and supraventricular arrhythmias." Am Heart J 78 (1969): 135-8
  11. Margolis J "Massive edema induced by thioridazine (Mellaril): an unusual complication." J Am Geriatr Soc 20 (1972): 593-4
  12. Kumar BB "Letter: Acute hypotension from thioridazine." JAMA 234 (1975): 1321
  13. Jones J, Sklar D, Dougherty J, White W "Randomized double-blind trial of intravenous prochlorperazine for the treatment of acute headache." JAMA 261 (1989): 1174-6
  14. "Product Information. Prolixin (fluphenazine)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2001):
  15. "Product Information. Compazine (prochlorperazine)." SmithKline Beecham (2001):
  16. "Product Information. Mellaril (thioridazine)." Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation (2001):
  17. "Product Information. Serentil (mesoridazine)." Boehringer-Ingelheim (2001):
  18. "Product Information. Torecan (thiethylperazine)." Roxane Laboratories Inc (2001):
  19. "Product Information. Trilafon (perphenazine)." Schering Corporation (2001):
  20. "Product Information. Tacaryl (methdilazine)." Westwood Squibb Pharmaceutical Corporation (2001):
  21. "Product Information. Temaril (trimeprazine)." Allergan Inc (2001):
  22. "Product Information. Stelazine (trifluoperazine)." SmithKline Beecham (2001):
  23. "Product Information. Vesprin (triflupromazine)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2001):
  24. Talbert RL, Yee GC, DiPiro JT, Matzke GR, Posey LM, Wells BG "Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach" Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lange (1999):

• Craniocerebral Trauma

  Major

  The use of phenothiazines is contraindicated in patients with suspected or established subcortical brain damage, with or without hypothalamic involvement. Phenothiazines can interfere with thermoregulatory mechanisms, and a hyperthermic reaction with temperatures in excess of 104 F may occur in such patients, sometimes not until 14 to 16 hours after drug administration.

  13 sources

  1. "Product Information. Thorazine (chlorpromazine)." SmithKline Beecham (2002):
  2. "Product Information. Sparine (promazine)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):
  3. Dilsaver SC "Effects of neuroleptics on body temperature" J Clin Psychiatry 49 (1988): 78-9
  4. Caroff S, Rosenberg H, Gerber JC "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and malignant hyperthermia" Lancet 1 (1983): 244
  5. Keshavan MS, Kambhampati RK "Prolonged fever without extrapyramidal symptoms during neuroleptic treatment" J Clin Psychopharmacol 9 (1989): 230-1
  6. "Product Information. Prolixin (fluphenazine)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2001):
  7. "Product Information. Compazine (prochlorperazine)." SmithKline Beecham (2001):
  8. "Product Information. Mellaril (thioridazine)." Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation (2001):

  Show all 13 sourcesShow fewer sources

  9. "Product Information. Serentil (mesoridazine)." Boehringer-Ingelheim (2001):
  10. "Product Information. Torecan (thiethylperazine)." Roxane Laboratories Inc (2001):
  11. "Product Information. Trilafon (perphenazine)." Schering Corporation (2001):
  12. "Product Information. Stelazine (trifluoperazine)." SmithKline Beecham (2001):
  13. "Product Information. Vesprin (triflupromazine)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2001):

• Respiratory Insufficiency

  Major

  The use of phenothiazines is contraindicated in comatose patients and patients with severe central nervous system depression. Phenothiazines may potentiate the CNS and respiratory depression in these patients.

  13 sources

  1. "Product Information. Thorazine (chlorpromazine)." SmithKline Beecham (2002):
  2. "Product Information. Sparine (promazine)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):
  3. "Product Information. Phenergan (promethazine)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):
  4. "Product Information. Prolixin (fluphenazine)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2001):
  5. "Product Information. Compazine (prochlorperazine)." SmithKline Beecham (2001):
  6. "Product Information. Mellaril (thioridazine)." Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation (2001):
  7. "Product Information. Serentil (mesoridazine)." Boehringer-Ingelheim (2001):
  8. "Product Information. Torecan (thiethylperazine)." Roxane Laboratories Inc (2001):

  Show all 13 sourcesShow fewer sources

  9. "Product Information. Trilafon (perphenazine)." Schering Corporation (2001):
  10. "Product Information. Tacaryl (methdilazine)." Westwood Squibb Pharmaceutical Corporation (2001):
  11. "Product Information. Temaril (trimeprazine)." Allergan Inc (2001):
  12. "Product Information. Stelazine (trifluoperazine)." SmithKline Beecham (2001):
  13. "Product Information. Vesprin (triflupromazine)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2001):

• Anticholinergic Syndrome

  Moderate

  Antihistamines often have anticholinergic activity, to which elderly patients are particularly sensitive. Therapy with antihistamines should be administered cautiously, if at all, in patients with preexisting conditions that are likely to be exacerbated by anticholinergic activity, such as urinary retention or obstruction; angle-closure glaucoma, untreated intraocular hypertension, or uncontrolled primary open-angle glaucoma; and gastrointestinal obstructive disorders. Conventional, first-generation antihistamines such as the ethanolamines (bromodiphenhydramine, carbinoxamine, clemastine, dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine, doxylamine, phenyltoloxamine) tend to exhibit substantial anticholinergic effects. In contrast, the newer, relatively nonsedating antihistamines (e.g., cetirizine, fexofenadine, loratadine) reportedly have low to minimal anticholinergic activity at normally recommended dosages and may be appropriate alternatives.

  20 sources

  1. Schuller DE, Turkewitz D "Adverse effects of antihistamines." Postgrad Med 79 (1986): 75-86
  2. "Product Information. Dimetane (brompheniramine)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2002):
  3. "Product Information. Chlor-Trimeton (chlorpheniramine)." Schering-Plough
  4. "Product Information. Periactin (cyproheptadine)." Merck & Co., Inc (2002):
  5. "Product Information. Benadryl (diphenhydramine)." Parke-Davis (2002):
  6. "Product Information. Phenergan (promethazine)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):
  7. "Product Information. Tavist (clemastine)." Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation (2001):
  8. "Product Information. Antivert (meclizine)." Roerig Division (2001):

  Show all 20 sourcesShow fewer sources

  9. "Product Information. Marezine (cyclizine)." Glaxo Wellcome (2001):
  10. "Product Information. Optimine (azatadine)." Schering Corporation (2001):
  11. "Product Information. Semprex-D (acrivastine-pseudoephedrine)." Endo Laboratories LLC (2001):
  12. "Product Information. Zyrtec (cetirizine)." Pfizer U.S. Pharmaceuticals (2001):
  13. "Product Information. Drixoral (dextromethorphan)." Schering-Plough (2001):
  14. "Product Information. Poly-Histine-D (pyrilamine)." Bock Pharmacal Company (2001):
  15. Watemberg NM, Roth KS, Alehan FK, Epstein CE "Central anticholinergic syndrome on therapeutic doses of cyproheptadine." Pediatrics 103 (1999): 158-60
  16. "Product Information. Vistaril (hydroxyzine)." Pfizer U.S. Pharmaceuticals (2001):
  17. "Product Information. Dramamine (dimenhydrinate)." Pharmacia and Upjohn (2001):
  18. "Product Information. Tacaryl (methdilazine)." Westwood Squibb Pharmaceutical Corporation (2001):
  19. "Product Information. Temaril (trimeprazine)." Allergan Inc (2001):
  20. Talbert RL, Yee GC, DiPiro JT, Matzke GR, Posey LM, Wells BG "Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach" Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lange (1999):

• Asthma

  Moderate

  It has been suggested that the anticholinergic effect of antihistamines may reduce the volume and cause thickening of bronchial secretions, resulting in obstruction of respiratory tract. Some manufacturers and clinicians recommend that therapy with antihistamines be administered cautiously in patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

  17 sources

  1. "Product Information. Dimetane (brompheniramine)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2002):
  2. "Product Information. Chlor-Trimeton (chlorpheniramine)." Schering-Plough
  3. "Product Information. Periactin (cyproheptadine)." Merck & Co., Inc (2002):
  4. "Product Information. Benadryl (diphenhydramine)." Parke-Davis (2002):
  5. "Product Information. Phenergan (promethazine)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):
  6. Maddox DE, Reed CE "Clinical pharmacodynamics of antihistamines." Ann Allergy 59 (1987): 43-8
  7. "Product Information. Tavist (clemastine)." Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation (2001):
  8. "Product Information. Antivert (meclizine)." Roerig Division (2001):

  Show all 17 sourcesShow fewer sources

  9. "Product Information. Marezine (cyclizine)." Glaxo Wellcome (2001):
  10. "Product Information. Optimine (azatadine)." Schering Corporation (2001):
  11. "Product Information. Semprex-D (acrivastine-pseudoephedrine)." Endo Laboratories LLC (2001):
  12. "Product Information. Drixoral (dextromethorphan)." Schering-Plough (2001):
  13. "Product Information. Poly-Histine-D (pyrilamine)." Bock Pharmacal Company (2001):
  14. "Product Information. Vistaril (hydroxyzine)." Pfizer U.S. Pharmaceuticals (2001):
  15. "Product Information. Dramamine (dimenhydrinate)." Pharmacia and Upjohn (2001):
  16. "Product Information. Tacaryl (methdilazine)." Westwood Squibb Pharmaceutical Corporation (2001):
  17. "Product Information. Temaril (trimeprazine)." Allergan Inc (2001):

• Breast Neoplasms

  Moderate

  The chronic use of phenothiazines is associated with persistent elevations in prolactin levels. Based on in vitro data, approximately one-third of human breast cancers are thought to be prolactin-dependent. The clinical significance of this observation is unknown. Chronic administration of neuroleptic drugs has been associated with mammary tumorigenesis in rodent studies but not in human clinical or epidemiologic studies. Therapy with phenothiazines should be administered cautiously in patients with existing or suspected malignancy of the breast.

  16 sources

  1. Ash PR, Bouma D "Exaggerated hyperprolactinemia in response to thiothixene ." Arch Neurol 38 (1981): 534-5
  2. Ristic PI, Ory SJ, Lurain JR "Endometrial adenocarcinoma associated with drug-induced hyperprolactinemia." Obstet Gynecol 67 (1986): s86-8
  3. "Product Information. Thorazine (chlorpromazine)." SmithKline Beecham (2002):
  4. "Product Information. Sparine (promazine)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):
  5. Kane JM "Antipsychotic drug side effects: their relationship to dose." J Clin Psychiatry 46 (1985): 16-21
  6. Gift T, Plum K, Price M "Depot fluphenazine and plasma prolactin." Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 9 (1985): 407-12
  7. "Product Information. Prolixin (fluphenazine)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2001):
  8. "Product Information. Compazine (prochlorperazine)." SmithKline Beecham (2001):

  Show all 16 sourcesShow fewer sources

  9. "Product Information. Mellaril (thioridazine)." Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation (2001):
  10. "Product Information. Serentil (mesoridazine)." Boehringer-Ingelheim (2001):
  11. "Product Information. Torecan (thiethylperazine)." Roxane Laboratories Inc (2001):
  12. "Product Information. Trilafon (perphenazine)." Schering Corporation (2001):
  13. "Product Information. Tacaryl (methdilazine)." Westwood Squibb Pharmaceutical Corporation (2001):
  14. "Product Information. Temaril (trimeprazine)." Allergan Inc (2001):
  15. "Product Information. Stelazine (trifluoperazine)." SmithKline Beecham (2001):
  16. "Product Information. Vesprin (triflupromazine)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2001):

• Dystonic Disorders

  Moderate

  Phenothiazines may cause acute, dose-related dystonic reactions secondary to central dopaminergic blockade. These reactions are characterized by spastic contraction of discrete muscle groups and may include torticollis, opisthotonos, carpopedal spasm, trismus, difficulty swallowing, perioral spasms with protrusion of the tongue, and oculogyric crisis. Onset is usually within 24 to 96 hours following initiation of therapy or an increase in dosage. Risk factors include young age, male gender, use of high-potency agents (e.g., fluphenazine, perphenazine, trifluoperazine), high dosages, and IM administration. Therapy with phenothiazines should be administered cautiously in patients, particularly children, with hypocalcemia or severe dehydration, since these patients may be more susceptible to dystonic reactions. Most symptoms subside within a few hours and are almost always reversible within 24 to 48 hours following withdrawal of therapy. However, severe reactions such as laryngospasm may be life-threatening and require appropriate supportive therapy. Parenteral administration of an anticholinergic antiparkinsonian agent (e.g., benztropine, trihexyphenidyl) or diphenhydramine usually produces a prompt response and may be given orally for short-term maintenance to prevent recurrence of symptoms if phenothiazine therapy must be continued.

  31 sources

  1. Wood G, Waters A "Prolonged dystonic reaction to chlorpromazine in myxoedema coma." Postgrad Med J 56 (1980): 192-3
  2. Nahata MC, Clotz MA, Krogg EA "Adverse effects of meperidine, promethazine, and chlorpromazine for sedation in pediatric patients." Clin Pediatr (Phila) 24 (1985): 558-60
  3. Schwinghammer TL, Kroboth FJ, Juhl RP "Extrapyramidal reaction secondary to oral promethazine." Clin Pharm 3 (1984): 83-5
  4. Marcotte DB "Neuroleptics and neurologic reactions." South Med J 66 (1973): 321-4
  5. "Product Information. Thorazine (chlorpromazine)." SmithKline Beecham (2002):
  6. "Product Information. Sparine (promazine)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):
  7. "Product Information. Phenergan (promethazine)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):
  8. Idzorek S "Antiparkinsonian agents and fluphenazine decanoate." Am J Psychiatry 133 (1976): 80-2

  Show all 31 sourcesShow fewer sources

  9. Bailie GR, Nelson MV, Krenzelok EP, Lesar T "Unusual treatment response of a severe dystonia to diphenhydramine." Ann Emerg Med 16 (1987): 705-8
  10. West D "Dangers of fluphenazine." Br J Psychiatry 117 (1970): 718-9
  11. Curson DA, Barnes TR, Bamber RW, Platt SD, Hirsch SR, Duffy JC "Long-term depot maintenance of chronic schizophrenic out-patients: the seven year follow-up of the Medical Research Council fluphenazine/placebo trial. II. The incidence of compliance problems,side-effects, neurotic symptoms and depression" Br J Psychiatry 146 (1985): 469-74
  12. Singh H, Levinson DF, Simpson GM, Lo ES, Friedman E "Acute dystonia during fixed-dose neuroleptic treatment." J Clin Psychopharmacol 10 (1990): 389-96
  13. Oyewumi LK, Lapierre YD, Gray R, Batth S, Gelfand R "Abnormal involuntary movements in patients on long-acting neuroleptics." Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 7 (1983): 719-23
  14. Reecer MV, Clinchot DM, Tipton DB "Drug-induced dystonia in a patient with C4 quadriplegia. Case report." Am J Phys Med Rehabil 72 (1993): 97-8
  15. Sheppard C, Merlis S "Drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms: their incidence and treatment." Am J Psychiatry 123 (1967): 886-9
  16. Lamont S "Acute reactions to phenothiazine derivatives." Br J Anaesth 44 (1972): 539-40
  17. Schumock GT, Martinez E "Acute oculogyric crisis after administration of prochlorperazine." South Med J 84 (1991): 407-8
  18. Baker FM, Cook P "Compazine complications: a review." J Natl Med Assoc 73 (1981): 409-12
  19. Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program "Drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms." JAMA 224 (1973): 889-91
  20. "Product Information. Prolixin (fluphenazine)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2001):
  21. "Product Information. Compazine (prochlorperazine)." SmithKline Beecham (2001):
  22. "Product Information. Mellaril (thioridazine)." Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation (2001):
  23. Harries JR "Oculogyric crises due to phenothiazines." Br Med J 3 (1967): 241
  24. "Product Information. Serentil (mesoridazine)." Boehringer-Ingelheim (2001):
  25. "Product Information. Torecan (thiethylperazine)." Roxane Laboratories Inc (2001):
  26. "Product Information. Trilafon (perphenazine)." Schering Corporation (2001):
  27. "Product Information. Tacaryl (methdilazine)." Westwood Squibb Pharmaceutical Corporation (2001):
  28. "Product Information. Temaril (trimeprazine)." Allergan Inc (2001):
  29. "Product Information. Stelazine (trifluoperazine)." SmithKline Beecham (2001):
  30. "Product Information. Vesprin (triflupromazine)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2001):
  31. Talbert RL, Yee GC, DiPiro JT, Matzke GR, Posey LM, Wells BG "Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach" Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lange (1999):

• Epilepsy

  Moderate

  Phenothiazines can lower the seizure threshold and induce seizures, particularly when dosages are high or increased rapidly and during the initiation of therapy. Of the phenothiazines used in the treatment of psychosis, chlorpromazine appears to have the greatest epileptogenic potential, while fluphenazine and thioridazine have the least. Therapy with phenothiazines should be administered cautiously in patients with a history of seizures or other factors predisposing to seizures such as abnormal EEG, preexisting CNS pathology, or head trauma. Adequate anticonvulsant therapy should be maintained during administration of phenothiazines.

  18 sources

  1. Markowitz J, Brown R "Seizures with neuroleptics and antidepressants." Gen Hosp Psychiatry 9 (1987): 135-41
  2. Waterhouse RG "Epileptiform convulsions in children following premedication with Pamergan SP100." Br J Anaesth 39 (1967): 268-70
  3. "Product Information. Thorazine (chlorpromazine)." SmithKline Beecham (2002):
  4. "Product Information. Sparine (promazine)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):
  5. "Product Information. Phenergan (promethazine)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):
  6. "Product Information. Prolixin (fluphenazine)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2001):
  7. "Product Information. Compazine (prochlorperazine)." SmithKline Beecham (2001):
  8. "Product Information. Mellaril (thioridazine)." Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation (2001):

  Show all 18 sourcesShow fewer sources

  9. "Product Information. Moban (molindone)." Gate Pharmaceuticals (2001):
  10. "Product Information. Orap (pimozide)." Gate Pharmaceuticals
  11. "Product Information. Serentil (mesoridazine)." Boehringer-Ingelheim (2001):
  12. "Product Information. Torecan (thiethylperazine)." Roxane Laboratories Inc (2001):
  13. "Product Information. Trilafon (perphenazine)." Schering Corporation (2001):
  14. "Product Information. Tacaryl (methdilazine)." Westwood Squibb Pharmaceutical Corporation (2001):
  15. "Product Information. Temaril (trimeprazine)." Allergan Inc (2001):
  16. "Product Information. Stelazine (trifluoperazine)." SmithKline Beecham (2001):
  17. "Product Information. Vesprin (triflupromazine)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2001):
  18. Talbert RL, Yee GC, DiPiro JT, Matzke GR, Posey LM, Wells BG "Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach" Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lange (1999):

• Hematologic Diseases

  Moderate

  Phenothiazines may infrequently cause hematologic toxicity, including agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia, eosinophilia, aplastic anemia, purpura, granulocytopenia, and hemolytic anemia. Mild leukopenia may occur frequently with large doses over prolonged periods but is generally reversible despite continued treatment. Therapy with phenothiazines should be administered cautiously, if at all, in patients with preexisting blood dyscrasias or bone marrow suppression. Complete blood counts should be obtained regularly, and patients should be instructed to immediately report any signs or symptoms suggestive of blood dyscrasia such as fever, sore throat, local infection, bleeding, pallor, dizziness, or jaundice. Most cases of agranulocytosis have occurred between the fourth and tenth weeks of therapy.

  21 sources

  1. Stein P, Inwood M "Hemolytic anemia associated with chlorpromazine therapy." Can J Psychiatry 25 (1980): 659-61
  2. Holt R "Neuroleptic drug-induced changes in platelet levels." J Clin Psychopharmacol 4 (1984): 130-2
  3. Yassa R "Agranulocytosis in the course of phenothiazine therapy." J Clin Psychiatry 46 (1985): 341-3
  4. Zengotita H, Holt R "Neuroleptic drug-induced coagulopathy: mechanism of reaction and duration of effect." J Clin Psychiatry 47 (1986): 35-7
  5. Aram H "Henoch-Schonlein purpura induced by chlorpromazine." J Am Acad Dermatol 17 (1987): 139-40
  6. Young A, Kehoe R "Two cases of agranulocytosis on addition of a butyrophenone to a long-standing course of phenothiazine treatment." Br J Psychiatry 154 (1989): 710-12
  7. Ben-Yehuda A, Bloom A, Lijhovetzky G, et al. "Chlorpromazine-induced liver and bone marrow granulomas associated with agranulocytosis." Isr J Med Sci 26 (1990): 449-51
  8. "Product Information. Thorazine (chlorpromazine)." SmithKline Beecham (2002):

  Show all 21 sourcesShow fewer sources

  9. "Product Information. Phenergan (promethazine)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):
  10. Rosenthal DS, Stein GF, Santos JC "Thioridazine agranulocytosis." JAMA 200 (1967): 81-2
  11. Holt RJ "Fluphenazine decanoate-induced cholestatic jaundice and thrombocytopenia." Pharmacotherapy 4 (1984): 227-9
  12. "Product Information. Prolixin (fluphenazine)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2001):
  13. "Product Information. Compazine (prochlorperazine)." SmithKline Beecham (2001):
  14. "Product Information. Mellaril (thioridazine)." Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation (2001):
  15. "Product Information. Serentil (mesoridazine)." Boehringer-Ingelheim (2001):
  16. "Product Information. Torecan (thiethylperazine)." Roxane Laboratories Inc (2001):
  17. "Product Information. Trilafon (perphenazine)." Schering Corporation (2001):
  18. "Product Information. Tacaryl (methdilazine)." Westwood Squibb Pharmaceutical Corporation (2001):
  19. "Product Information. Temaril (trimeprazine)." Allergan Inc (2001):
  20. "Product Information. Stelazine (trifluoperazine)." SmithKline Beecham (2001):
  21. "Product Information. Vesprin (triflupromazine)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2001):

• Kidney Diseases

  Moderate

  Phenothiazines and their metabolites are excreted by the kidney. There are very limited data concerning the use of phenothiazines in patients with renal disease. Therapy with phenothiazines should be administered cautiously in patients with significantly impaired renal function. The manufacturers recommend periodic renal function tests for all patients during prolonged therapy.

  16 sources

  1. Dorson P, Crismon M "Chlorpromazine accumulation and sudden death in a patient with renal insufficiency." Drug Intell Clin Pharm 22 (1988): 776-8
  2. Taylor G, Houston JB, Shaffer J, Mawer G "Pharmacokinetics of promethazine and its sulphoxide metabolite after intravenous and oral administration to man." Br J Clin Pharmacol 15 (1983): 287-93
  3. Fabre J, Freudenreich J, de Duckert A, Pitton JS, Rudhardt M, Virieux C "Influence of renal insufficiency on the excretion of chloroquine, phenobarbital, phenothiazines and methacycline." Helv Med Acta 33 (1967): 307-16
  4. McAllister CJ, Scowden EB, Stone WJ "Toxic psychosis induced by phenothiazine administration in patients with chronic renal failure." Clin Nephrol 10 (1978): 191-5
  5. "Product Information. Thorazine (chlorpromazine)." SmithKline Beecham (2002):
  6. "Product Information. Sparine (promazine)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):
  7. "Product Information. Prolixin (fluphenazine)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2001):
  8. "Product Information. Compazine (prochlorperazine)." SmithKline Beecham (2001):

  Show all 16 sourcesShow fewer sources

  9. "Product Information. Mellaril (thioridazine)." Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation (2001):
  10. "Product Information. Serentil (mesoridazine)." Boehringer-Ingelheim (2001):
  11. "Product Information. Torecan (thiethylperazine)." Roxane Laboratories Inc (2001):
  12. "Product Information. Trilafon (perphenazine)." Schering Corporation (2001):
  13. "Product Information. Tacaryl (methdilazine)." Westwood Squibb Pharmaceutical Corporation (2001):
  14. "Product Information. Temaril (trimeprazine)." Allergan Inc (2001):
  15. "Product Information. Stelazine (trifluoperazine)." SmithKline Beecham (2001):
  16. "Product Information. Vesprin (triflupromazine)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2001):

• Liver Diseases

  Moderate

  Phenothiazines are extensively metabolized by the liver and may accumulate in patients with hepatic impairment. In addition, the use of some phenothiazines has been associated with adverse hepatic effects including cholestatic jaundice and elevated liver enzymes, generally within the first few months of therapy. Cholestatic jaundice usually occurs between the second and fourth weeks of therapy in approximately 0.1% to 4% of all patients. Therapy with phenothiazines should be administered cautiously in patients with preexisting liver disease, liver enzyme abnormalities, or hepatitis. Liver function and urine bilirubin tests should be performed periodically during prolonged therapy, and patients should be instructed to immediately report any signs or symptoms suggestive of cholestatic jaundice such as upper abdominal pain, nausea, yellow skin, influenza-like symptoms, rash, and fever. Phenothiazine therapy should be discontinued, preferably permanently, if jaundice occurs and is attributable to the drug. Clinical recovery is usually observed within a few weeks following withdrawal of therapy, although histopathologic changes may persist for longer periods.

  28 sources

  1. Seeff L "Drug-induced chronic liver disease, with emphasis on chronic active hepatitis." Semin Liver Dis 1 (1981): 104-15
  2. Dossing M, Andreasen B "Drug-induced liver disease in Denmark." Scand J Gastroenterol 17 (1982): 205-11
  3. Bach N, Thung S, Schaffner F, Tobias H "Exaggerated cholestasis and hepatic fibrosis following simultaneous administration of chlorpromazine and sodium valproate." Dig Dis Sci 34 (1989): 1303-7
  4. Maxwell JD, Carrella M, Parkes JD, et al. "Plasma disappearance and cerebral effects of chlorpromazine in cirrhosis." Clin Sci 43 (1972): 143-51
  5. Whitfield LR, Kaul PN, Clark ML "Chlorpromazine metabolism IX: pharmacokinetics of chlorpromazine following oral administration in man." J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 6 (1978): 187-96
  6. Simpson GM, Yadalam KG, Levinson DF, et al. "Single-dose pharmacokinetics of fluphenazine after fluphenazine decanoate administration." J Clin psychopharmacol 10 (1990): 417-21
  7. Hu OY, Tang H-S, Sheeng T-Y, et al. "Pharmacokinetics of promazine I: disposition in patients with acute viral hepatitis B." Biopharm Drug Dispos 11 (1990): 557-68
  8. Taylor G, Houston JB, Shaffer J, Mawer G "Pharmacokinetics of promethazine and its sulphoxide metabolite after intravenous and oral administration to man." Br J Clin Pharmacol 15 (1983): 287-93

  Show all 28 sourcesShow fewer sources

  9. "Product Information. Thorazine (chlorpromazine)." SmithKline Beecham (2002):
  10. "Product Information. Sparine (promazine)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):
  11. Derby LE, Gutthann SP, Jick H, Dean AD "Liver disorders in patients receiving chlorpromazine or isoniazid." Pharmacotherapy 13 (1993): 353-8
  12. Chetty M, Moodley SV, Miller R "Important metabolites to measure in pharmacodynamic studies of chlorpromazine." Ther Drug Monit 16 (1994): 30-6
  13. Barancik M, Brandborg LL, Albion MJ "Thioridazine-induced cholestasis." JAMA 200 (1967): 69-70
  14. Reinhart MJ, Benson RM, Kwass SK, Storey WF "Suggestive evidence of hepatotoxicity concomitant with thioridazine hydrochloride use." JAMA 197 (1966): 767-9
  15. Snyder S "Fluphenazine jaundice. Report of a case." Am J Gastroenterol 73 (1980): 336-40
  16. Holt RJ "Fluphenazine decanoate-induced cholestatic jaundice and thrombocytopenia." Pharmacotherapy 4 (1984): 227-9
  17. Lok AS, Ng IO "Prochlorperazine-induced chronic cholestasis." J Hepatol 6 (1988): 369-73
  18. "Product Information. Prolixin (fluphenazine)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2001):
  19. Moradpour D, Altorfer J, Flury R, Greminger P, Meyenberger C, Jost R, Schmid M "Chlorpromazine-induced vanishing bile duct syndrome leading to biliary cirrhosis." Hepatology 20 (1994): 1437-41
  20. "Product Information. Compazine (prochlorperazine)." SmithKline Beecham (2001):
  21. Podevin P, Biour M "Drug-induced ''allergic hepatitis''." Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 13 (1995): 223-44
  22. "Product Information. Mellaril (thioridazine)." Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation (2001):
  23. "Product Information. Serentil (mesoridazine)." Boehringer-Ingelheim (2001):
  24. "Product Information. Torecan (thiethylperazine)." Roxane Laboratories Inc (2001):
  25. "Product Information. Tacaryl (methdilazine)." Westwood Squibb Pharmaceutical Corporation (2001):
  26. "Product Information. Temaril (trimeprazine)." Allergan Inc (2001):
  27. "Product Information. Stelazine (trifluoperazine)." SmithKline Beecham (2001):
  28. "Product Information. Vesprin (triflupromazine)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2001):

• Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

  Moderate

  The central dopaminergic blocking effects of phenothiazines may precipitate or aggravate a potentially fatal symptom complex known as Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS). NMS is observed most frequently when high-potency neuroleptic agents like haloperidol or fluphenazine are administered intramuscularly but may occur with any agent possessing neuroleptic activity given for any length of time. Clinical manifestations of NMS include hyperpyrexia, muscle rigidity, altered mental status and autonomic instability (irregular pulse or blood pressure, tachycardia, diaphoresis and cardiac arrhythmias). Phenothiazine therapy should not be initiated in patients with active NMS and should be immediately discontinued if currently being administered in such patients. In patients with a history of NMS, introduction or reintroduction of phenothiazines should be carefully considered, since NMS may recur.

  24 sources

  1. Morris H, McCormick W, Reinarz J "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome." Arch Neurol 37 (1980): 462-3
  2. Price W, Giannini A "A paradoxical response to chlorpromazine: a possible variant of the neuroleptic malignant syndrome." J Clin Pharmacol 23 (1983): 567-9
  3. Tenenbein M "The neuroleptic malignant syndrome: occurrence in a 15-year-old boy and recovery with bromocriptine therapy." Pediatr Neurosci 12 (1985): 161-4
  4. Caroff SN "The neuroleptic malignant syndrome." J Clin Psychiatry 41 (1980): 79-83
  5. "Product Information. Thorazine (chlorpromazine)." SmithKline Beecham (2002):
  6. "Product Information. Sparine (promazine)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):
  7. Zubenko G, Pope HG, Jr "Management of a case of neuroleptic malignant syndrome with bromocriptine." Am J Psychiatry 140 (1983): 1619-20
  8. Granato JE, Stern BJ, Ringel A, Karim AH, Krumholz A, Coyle J, Adler S "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: successful treatment with dantrolene and bromocriptine." Ann Neurol 14 (1983): 89-90

  Show all 24 sourcesShow fewer sources

  9. Grunhaus L, Sancovici S, Rimon R "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome due to depot fluphenazine." J Clin Psychiatry 40 (1979): 99-100
  10. Dhib-Jalbut S, Hesselbrock R, Brott T, Silbergeld D "Treatment of the neuroleptic malignant syndrome with bromocriptine" JAMA 250 (1983): 484-5
  11. Caroff S, Rosenberg H, Gerber JC "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and malignant hyperthermia" Lancet 1 (1983): 244
  12. Rampertaap MP "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome." South Med J 79 (1986): 331-6
  13. West D "Dangers of fluphenazine." Br J Psychiatry 117 (1970): 718-9
  14. Manser TJ, Warner JF "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with prochlorperazine." South Med J 83 (1990): 73-4
  15. "Product Information. Prolixin (fluphenazine)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2001):
  16. "Product Information. Compazine (prochlorperazine)." SmithKline Beecham (2001):
  17. "Product Information. Mellaril (thioridazine)." Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation (2001):
  18. "Product Information. Serentil (mesoridazine)." Boehringer-Ingelheim (2001):
  19. "Product Information. Torecan (thiethylperazine)." Roxane Laboratories Inc (2001):
  20. "Product Information. Trilafon (perphenazine)." Schering Corporation (2001):
  21. "Product Information. Tacaryl (methdilazine)." Westwood Squibb Pharmaceutical Corporation (2001):
  22. "Product Information. Temaril (trimeprazine)." Allergan Inc (2001):
  23. "Product Information. Stelazine (trifluoperazine)." SmithKline Beecham (2001):
  24. "Product Information. Vesprin (triflupromazine)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2001):

• Parkinsonian Disorders

  Moderate

  The use of phenothiazines is associated with pseudo-parkinsonian symptoms such as akinesia, bradykinesia, tremors, pill-rolling motion, cogwheel rigidity, and postural abnormalities including stooped posture and shuffling gait. The onset is usually 1 to 2 weeks following initiation of therapy or an increase in dosage. Propylamino derivatives such as chlorpromazine, promazine, and triflupromazine may be more likely to induce these effects. Therapy with phenothiazines should be administered cautiously in patients with Parkinson's disease or parkinsonian symptoms.

  24 sources

  1. Rajput A, Rozdilsky B, Hornykiewicz O, et al. "Reversible drug-induced parkinsonism." Arch Neurol 39 (1982): 6446
  2. Mariani P "Adverse reactions to chlorpromazine in the treatment of migraine." Ann Emerg Med 17 (1988): 380-1
  3. Schwinghammer TL, Kroboth FJ, Juhl RP "Extrapyramidal reaction secondary to oral promethazine." Clin Pharm 3 (1984): 83-5
  4. Marcotte DB "Neuroleptics and neurologic reactions." South Med J 66 (1973): 321-4
  5. "Product Information. Thorazine (chlorpromazine)." SmithKline Beecham (2002):
  6. "Product Information. Sparine (promazine)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):
  7. "Product Information. Phenergan (promethazine)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):
  8. Lamb P, Mindham RH, Ezzat MA "Letter: Parkinsonism induced by fluphenazine decanoate." Lancet 1 (1976): 484

  Show all 24 sourcesShow fewer sources

  9. Curson DA, Barnes TR, Bamber RW, Platt SD, Hirsch SR, Duffy JC "Long-term depot maintenance of chronic schizophrenic out-patients: the seven year follow-up of the Medical Research Council fluphenazine/placebo trial. II. The incidence of compliance problems,side-effects, neurotic symptoms and depression" Br J Psychiatry 146 (1985): 469-74
  10. Oyewumi LK, Lapierre YD, Gray R, Batth S, Gelfand R "Abnormal involuntary movements in patients on long-acting neuroleptics." Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 7 (1983): 719-23
  11. Sheppard C, Merlis S "Drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms: their incidence and treatment." Am J Psychiatry 123 (1967): 886-9
  12. Edelstein H, Knight RT "Severe parkinsonism in two AIDS patients taking prochlorperazine." Lancet 2 (1987): 341-2
  13. Baker FM, Cook P "Compazine complications: a review." J Natl Med Assoc 73 (1981): 409-12
  14. Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program "Drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms." JAMA 224 (1973): 889-91
  15. "Product Information. Prolixin (fluphenazine)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2001):
  16. "Product Information. Compazine (prochlorperazine)." SmithKline Beecham (2001):
  17. "Product Information. Mellaril (thioridazine)." Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation (2001):
  18. "Product Information. Serentil (mesoridazine)." Boehringer-Ingelheim (2001):
  19. "Product Information. Torecan (thiethylperazine)." Roxane Laboratories Inc (2001):
  20. "Product Information. Trilafon (perphenazine)." Schering Corporation (2001):
  21. "Product Information. Tacaryl (methdilazine)." Westwood Squibb Pharmaceutical Corporation (2001):
  22. "Product Information. Temaril (trimeprazine)." Allergan Inc (2001):
  23. "Product Information. Stelazine (trifluoperazine)." SmithKline Beecham (2001):
  24. "Product Information. Vesprin (triflupromazine)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2001):

• Tardive Dyskinesia

  Moderate

  Phenothiazines may commonly precipitate symptoms of tardive dyskinesia (TD), a syndrome consisting of rhythmic involuntary movements variously involving the tongue, face, mouth, lips, jaw, and/or trunk and extremities, following chronic use of at least several months but often years. Elderly patients, particularly women, are most susceptible. Also, propylpiperazine derivatives like fluphenazine, perphenazine, prochlorperazine, and trifluoperazine may be more likely to induce this syndrome. Both the risk of developing TD and the likelihood that it will become irreversible increase with the duration and total cumulative dose of phenothiazine therapy administered. However, patients may infrequently develop symptoms after relatively brief treatment periods at low dosages. If TD occurs during phenothiazine therapy, prompt withdrawal of the offending agent or at least a lowering of the dosage should be considered. TD symptoms usually become more severe after drug discontinuation or a dosage reduction, but may gradually improve over months to years. In patients with preexisting drug-induced TD, initiating or increasing the dosage of phenothiazine therapy may temporarily mask the symptoms of TD but may eventually worsen the condition. The newer, atypical neuroleptic agents (e.g., risperidone, quetiapine, olanzapine) tend to be associated with a substantially reduced risk of inducing TD and are considered the drugs of choice in patients being treated for psychosis.

  30 sources

  1. Yassa R, Dimitry R "Single phenothiazines and tardive dyskinesia." J Clin Psychiatry 44 (1983): 233-4
  2. Mariani P "Adverse reactions to chlorpromazine in the treatment of migraine." Ann Emerg Med 17 (1988): 380-1
  3. Yesavage JA, Tanke ED, Sheikh JI "Tardive dyskinesia and steady-state serum levels of thiothixene." Arch Gen Psychiatry 44 (1987): 913-5
  4. Schwinghammer TL, Kroboth FJ, Juhl RP "Extrapyramidal reaction secondary to oral promethazine." Clin Pharm 3 (1984): 83-5
  5. Marcotte DB "Neuroleptics and neurologic reactions." South Med J 66 (1973): 321-4
  6. "Product Information. Thorazine (chlorpromazine)." SmithKline Beecham (2002):
  7. "Product Information. Sparine (promazine)." Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories (2001):
  8. Csernansky JG, Grabowski K, Cervantes J, Kaplan J, Yesavage JA "Fluphenazine decanoate and tardive dyskinesia: a possible association." Am J Psychiatry 138 (1981): 1362-5

  Show all 30 sourcesShow fewer sources

  9. Perenyi A, Arato M "Fluphenazine and tardive dyskinesia" Arch Gen Psychiatry 41 (1984): 727
  10. Mukherjee S, Rosen AM, Cardenas C, Varia V, Olarte S "Tardive dyskinesia in psychiatric outpatients: a study of prevalence and association with demographic, clinical, and drug history variables." Arch Gen Psychiatry 39 (1982): 466-9
  11. Kolakowska T, Williams AO, Ardern M "Tardive dyskinesia and current dose of neuroleptic drugs" Arch Gen Psychiatry 42 (1985): 925
  12. Glazer WM, Moore DC "The diagnosis of rapid abnormal involuntary movements associated with fluphenazine decanoate." J Nerv Ment Dis 168 (1980): 439-41
  13. McClelland HA, Metcalfe AV, Kerr TA, Dutta D, Watson P "Facial dyskinesia: a 16-year follow-up study" Br J Psychiatry 158 (1991): 691-6
  14. Curson DA, Barnes TR, Bamber RW, Platt SD, Hirsch SR, Duffy JC "Long-term depot maintenance of chronic schizophrenic out-patients: the seven year follow-up of the Medical Research Council fluphenazine/placebo trial. II. The incidence of compliance problems,side-effects, neurotic symptoms and depression" Br J Psychiatry 146 (1985): 469-74
  15. Yassa R, Iskandar H, Ally J "The prevalence of tardive dyskinesia in fluphenazine-treated patients." J Clin Psychopharmacol 8 (1988): 17S-20S
  16. Oyewumi LK, Lapierre YD, Gray R, Batth S, Gelfand R "Abnormal involuntary movements in patients on long-acting neuroleptics." Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 7 (1983): 719-23
  17. Sheppard C, Merlis S "Drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms: their incidence and treatment." Am J Psychiatry 123 (1967): 886-9
  18. Baker FM, Cook P "Compazine complications: a review." J Natl Med Assoc 73 (1981): 409-12
  19. Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program "Drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms." JAMA 224 (1973): 889-91
  20. "Product Information. Prolixin (fluphenazine)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2001):
  21. "Product Information. Compazine (prochlorperazine)." SmithKline Beecham (2001):
  22. "Product Information. Mellaril (thioridazine)." Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation (2001):
  23. "Product Information. Serentil (mesoridazine)." Boehringer-Ingelheim (2001):
  24. "Product Information. Torecan (thiethylperazine)." Roxane Laboratories Inc (2001):
  25. "Product Information. Trilafon (perphenazine)." Schering Corporation (2001):
  26. "Product Information. Tacaryl (methdilazine)." Westwood Squibb Pharmaceutical Corporation (2001):
  27. "Product Information. Temaril (trimeprazine)." Allergan Inc (2001):
  28. "Product Information. Stelazine (trifluoperazine)." SmithKline Beecham (2001):
  29. "Product Information. Vesprin (triflupromazine)." Bristol-Myers Squibb (2001):
  30. Talbert RL, Yee GC, DiPiro JT, Matzke GR, Posey LM, Wells BG "Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach" Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lange (1999):

Therapeutic duplication

Drug classes that overlap with Promethazine Hydrochloride, so taking both doubles up the same effect. This source publishes no per-row citations for duplication.

• antiemetics

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'antiemetics' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'antiemetics' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Fosnetupitant/palonosetron

• antiemetics

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'antiemetics' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'antiemetics' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Netupitant/palonosetron

• antihistamines

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'antihistamines' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'antihistamines' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): All day allergy-d

• antihistamines

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'antihistamines' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'antihistamines' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Pro-chlo

• antihistamines

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• antihistamines

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• antihistamines

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  Example product in the source data (US market): Sutan-dm

• antihistamines

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• antihistamines

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• antihistamines

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• antihistamines

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  Example product in the source data (US market): Resperal-dm

• antihistamines

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  Example product in the source data (US market): Diphenhydramine/naproxen

• antihistamines

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  Example product in the source data (US market): Chlorpheniramine/methscopolamine/phenylephrine

• antihistamines

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  Example product in the source data (US market): Coldcough syrup

• antihistamines

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'antihistamines' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'antihistamines' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Mucinex nightshift sinus clear & cool

• antihistamines

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  Example product in the source data (US market): Bromhist-pdx

• antihistamines

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  Example product in the source data (US market): Nasopen

• antihistamines

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• antihistamines

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• antihistamines

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• antihistamines

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  Example product in the source data (US market): Theraflu nighttime severe cold & cough

• antihistamines

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• antihistamines

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• antihistamines

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• antihistamines

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• antihistamines

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• antihistamines

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• antihistamines

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• antihistamines

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• antihistamines

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• antihistamines

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• antihistamines

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• antihistamines

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• antihistamines

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'antihistamines' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'antihistamines' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Tuzistra xr

• antihistamines

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'antihistamines' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'antihistamines' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Hyoscyamine/phenyltoloxamine

• antihistamines

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'antihistamines' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'antihistamines' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Triaminic

• antihistamines

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'antihistamines' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'antihistamines' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Diphenhydramine/phenylephrine

• antihistamines

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'antihistamines' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'antihistamines' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Vicks nyquil cold & flu nighttime relief

• antihistamines

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'antihistamines' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'antihistamines' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): M-end dmx

• antihistamines

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'antihistamines' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'antihistamines' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Tussionex pennkinetic

• antihistamines

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'antihistamines' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'antihistamines' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Aspirin/chlorpheniramine/dextromethorphan/phenylpropanolamine

• antihistamines

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'antihistamines' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'antihistamines' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Codeine/pseudoephedrine/triprolidine

• antihistamines

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'antihistamines' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'antihistamines' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Semprex-d

• antihistamines

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'antihistamines' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'antihistamines' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Doans pm

• antihistamines

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'antihistamines' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'antihistamines' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Dologesic df

• antihistamines

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'antihistamines' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'antihistamines' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Mucinex nightshift cold & flu

• antihistamines

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'antihistamines' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'antihistamines' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Rymed

• antihistamines

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'antihistamines' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'antihistamines' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Robitussin children's cough & cold long-acting

• antihistamines

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'antihistamines' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'antihistamines' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Chlorpheniramine/dextromethorphan/pseudoephedrine

• antihistamines

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'antihistamines' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'antihistamines' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Pseudoephedrine/triprolidine

• antihistamines

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'antihistamines' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'antihistamines' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Vicks nyquil severe cold & flu

• antihistamines

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'antihistamines' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'antihistamines' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Vicks nyquil cough

• antihistamines

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'antihistamines' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'antihistamines' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Betatan

• antihistamines

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'antihistamines' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'antihistamines' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Sinarest

• antihistamines

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'antihistamines' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'antihistamines' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Aspirin/chlorpheniramine/phenylephrine

• antihistamines

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'antihistamines' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'antihistamines' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Vanacof

• antihistamines

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'antihistamines' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'antihistamines' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Histex-ac

• antihistamines

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'antihistamines' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'antihistamines' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Poly hist forte

• antihistamines

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'antihistamines' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'antihistamines' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Rynex pe

• antihistamines

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'antihistamines' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'antihistamines' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Chlorpheniramine/phenylephrine

• antihistamines

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'antihistamines' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'antihistamines' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Chlorpheniramine/ibuprofen/phenylephrine

• antihistamines

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'antihistamines' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'antihistamines' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Vicks nyquil d cold and flu nighttime relief

• antihistamines

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'antihistamines' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'antihistamines' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Flextra

• antivertigo agents

  The recommended maximum number of medicines in the 'antivertigo agents' category to be taken concurrently is usually one.Your list includes two medicines belonging to the 'antivertigo agents' category.

  Example product in the source data (US market): Phenohytro